Biodiesel

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Biodiesel
Tim McLenegan Tim Whitacre Logan Kinde Ryan
Gleim Jesse Ralston Eric Amendt Nick
Layshot November 12, 2004 AD
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A Little History

• Invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1892
• Increased efficiency over Steam Engines at 75
• Original Biodiesel engine
• Ran on Peanut Oil
• 1920s Diesels altered to accept fossil fuels

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How it works

• Diesel Engines run on thicker fuel
• Uses compression to ignite fuel and air
• Non-renewable fossil fuel normally used

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How It Works

• Biodiesel
• Renewable
• Environmentally Friendly
• biodegradable
• fewer emissions
• Reduce Dependency on Foreign Oil
• Little to no engine modifications required

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How It Works

• Refined from plant oils or animal fats
• crops such as soybean, rapeseed, canola, palm,
  cottonseed, sunflower, and peanut
• Unrefined oils may also be used
• Ex. pure vegetable oil
• May require significant engine modifications
• Most oil undergoes a series of chemical reactions
  to become fuel

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It Runs On Soybean Fuel

• Many different Fuels Available

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Affects on Engines

• increased engine life
• acts as a solvent
• loosen deposits
• contributes to an engine's lubricity
• safer
• non-toxic
• burns at a higher temperature
• Reduced emissions
• increase in NOx emissions

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Emissions
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Biodiesel Emissions

• Biodiesel is only alternative fuel to have its
  emissions results submitted to EPA
• EPA did extensive research on biodiesel
• Tested with varying proportions of biodiesel and
  petroleum diesel
• Only tested heavy-duty highway engines (trucks,
  buses)
• For all major pollutants, biodiesel is
  significantly cleaner than petrol. Diesel
• NOx is an exception saw increase in emissions

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Biodiesel Emissions
Emission Type B100 B20
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons 67 20
Carbon Monoxide 48 12
Particulate Matter 47 12
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 10 2
Sulfates 100 20
PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) 80 13
nPAH (nitrated PAHs) 90 50
Ozone potential of speciated HC 50 10
Regulated by EPA
Average emissions by heavy-duty highway
engines B100 100 biodiesel B20 20 bio, 80
petroleum diesel
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Biodiesel Emissions
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Biodiesel Emissions

• For some engine/fuel combinations, NOx emissions
  actually decreased
• No consistent set of characteristics explain why
  this was the case
• Ways to reduce NOx emissions
• For B20 fuels, use a petroleum diesel with lower
  aromatic content can break even
• Treating diesel to get a higher cetane number can
  decrease NOx emissions (but raise cost of fuel)

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Real World Examples
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Biodiesel Truck in Yellowstone

• Unaltered diesel pickup fueled by 100 percent
  rapeseed ethyl ester
• Truck driven over 92,600 miles without any major
  fuel related problems
• 16.3 mpg average, or 1 mile per gallon less than
  diesel fuel

Source http//www.nps.gov/renew/yellbio.htm
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Biodiesel Truck in Yellowstone

• Worried that french fry smell would attract bears
• Biodiesel is no more attractive to bears than
  diesel fuel
• Carbon monoxide (CO), total unburned hydrocarbons
  (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) were reduced
  by increasing the percentage of biodiesel
• Two winters showed that normal cold-weather
  diesel modifications were sufficient to enable
  use of biodiesel in cold weather

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U.S. Navy

• Process Navys used cooking oil into biodiesel
• Will use B20
• 20 biodiesel 80 traditional diesel
• If successful, they will create small biodiesel
  facilities for use overseas

Source http//www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/backgro
under.PDF
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Berkley Curbside Recycling

• 10 truck fleet
• 33,000 pound diesel engine trucks
• "All day, I smell french fries, which smell much
  better than diesel fumes."

"The trucks run smoothly and have more power.
-Dave Williamson, Recycling Operations Manager
Source http//www.ecologycenter.org/recycling/bio
diesel.html
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Veggie Van

• Traveled 25,000 miles across the US during 1997
  and 1998
• Powered on 100 biodiesel
• No modifications made to the diesel engine

Source http//biodieselamerica.org/biosite/index.
php?id3,0,0,1,0,0
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Residential Use (One Example)

• 1989 VW Jetta
• Uses biodiesel fuel made with recycled restaurant
  waste oil
• Made error that many new Biodiesel users make
• Need to change fuel filter twice in first 2000
  miles

Biodiesel is a solvent and cleans out buildup in
the engine
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Biodiesel Sources
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Raw Materials for Production

• Inputs
• Vegetable/Animal Fat Oil (Triglyceride)
• Alcohol
• Methanol (used most often)
• Ethanol
• Catalyst
• Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)
• Potassium Hydroxide
• Outputs
• Biodiesel
• GlycerolNote 20 Alcohol can be extracted to be
  used again

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Raw Materials (Triglyceride)

• Harvested Vegetable Oils
• Rapeseed Oil (Canola)
• Sunflower Oil
• Palm Oil
• Soybean Oil
• Corn Oil

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Raw Materials (Triglyceride)Cont.

• High-Oil Algae Research
• Used Oils
• Fast Food Oils
• Restaurant Oils
• Animal Fats

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Rapeseed (Canola) Oil

• Well adapted to temperate regions
• Cool temperatures promote growth
• Can tolerate high temperatures
• Wide range of soils
• Requires less fertilizer than soybeans
• Commonly produced in Europe

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Soybean Oil

• Most common source for Biodiesel in USA
• High demand among US farmers
• Increased production will lower costs
• Decrease dependence on foreign energy
• High lubricity extends equipment life
• Iowa, Indiana, and Wisconsin

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High-Oil Algae

• Current research suggests high yields
• Extremely fast growth rates
• Over 50 of biomass can be oil
• Capable of producing enough Biodiesel to replaced
  petroleum used for transportation in the United
  States

http//www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html
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Biodiesel Production

• The process of making biodiesel
• Efficiencies of the process
• By-products
• Raw material costs
• Process costs
• Price estimate at the pump

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Transesterification

• The most economical of three different ways to
  make biodiesel.
• Separates out the glycerin in the natural fat or
  oil.
• No waste products!!!

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The Biodiesel Process
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Efficiency of the process
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By-Products

• Glycerin
• Can be refined further for use in soap products
• Alcohol
• Used again by the biodiesel process
• Fertilizer
• Used by agriculture

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Raw Material Costs

• Alcohol - 0.55 a gallon for Methanol
• Catalyst - 0.03 per gallon of biodiesel
• Feedstock for oil
• Existing crops (Soybean, Rapeseed, etc.)
• 0.13 to 0.35 per pound
• 7.5 pounds per gallon of oil
• 0.97 to 2.63 per gallon of oil
• Algae - 0.33 per gallon of oil

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Process Costs

• What costs are there?
• Capital costs
• Operating costs
• Electricity, Steam, Water
• Maintenance
• Insurance
• Sales and Administration
• Total processing cost
• Anywhere from 0.30 to 1.00 per gallon
• Dont forget by-products!!! (0.20 to 0.50 per
  gallon)

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The Complete Story

• Total Production Cost per gallon
• Before taxes
• Low end with algae 0.90
• Low end with existing crops 1.50
• High end 3.11
• With taxes
• California has a 40.2 cent tax on gas
• Possibly lower taxes on biodiesel?
• Note that this does not include profit

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Cost of Infrastructure

• Algal ponds
• Construction - 80,000 per hectare
• SLO needs 3,185 hectares 254.8 million
• This is only 12 square miles of land!!!
• Maintenance - 12,000 per hectare per year
• Processing plants
• 15 million for a 30 million gal/yr plant
• SLO would need 4 plants 60 million

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Sustainable Transportation

• Fuel use in USA per year
• 60 billion gallons diesel
• 120 billion gallons gasoline
• Fuel efficiencies
• Diesel is 40 more efficient than gasoline
• Biodiesel is 2 less efficient than diesel
• Conservative Assumption
• Diesel is 35 more efficient than gasoline

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Sustainable Transportation

• Required Biodiesel for USA
• Replace Gas with diesel
• 60 0.65(120) 138 Billion Gallons Diesel /
  year
• Replace diesel with Biodiesel
• 138(1.02) 140.8 Billion Gallons Biodiesel /
  year

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Sustainable Transportation inSan Luis Obispo
County

• Required Biodiesel for SLO (Biodiesel for USA)
  (pop SLO/pop USA) 140.8 (250,000 /
  294,730,000) 120,000,000

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Projected Biodiesel Consumption in San Luis
Obispo County (Transportation)
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Land RequirementSan Luis Obispo County

• Consider Waste Oil Produced
• USA (2000)
• 2,905,982,575 gallons/year
• San Luis Obispo (2000) (USA waste oil)
  (250,000/294,730,000) 2,464,876

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Land RequirementSan Luis Obispo County

• Assumptions (using National Trend)
• 2003
• 120 million gallons Biodiesel required / year
• 2.5 million gallons waste oil produced / year
• 11 ratio between oil and Biodiesel
• 2050
• 182 million gallons Biodiesel required / year
• 4.93 million gallons waste oil produced / year
• 11 ratio between oil and Biodiesel

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Land RequirementSan Luis Obispo County
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Land RequirementSan Luis Obispo County

• Assumptions (using Population)
• 2003
• 120 million gallons Biodiesel required / year
• 2.5 million gallons waste oil produced / year
• 11 ratio between oil and Biodiesel
• 2050
• 250 million gallons Biodiesel required / year
• 4.93 million gallons waste oil produced / year
• 11 ratio between oil and Biodiesel

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Average Consumer sourcesfor Biodiesel

• Gas Stations
• Fuel Companies

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The Economic Impact Analysis

• Increase Local Revenue
• More Jobs
• Cheaper Fuel

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Initial Cost Per Plant
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Investment Plan
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Return on Investment
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Impact on Employment
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Economical Impact on San Luis Obispo County

• 1500 New Jobs in San Luis Obispo County

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Biodiesel vs. Petroleum

• Gasoline
• Average Central Coast Pump Cost 2.569 per
  gallon
• Diesel
• Average Central Coast Pump Cost 2.369 per
  gallon
• Biodiesel
• Can be sold at the pump for under 2 per gallon!

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What the Consumer Sees

• Cleaner air
• Lower fuel prices
• 1500 New Jobs introduced to San Luis Obispo
  County
• An independent fuel source