BioMass Fueling our Future

1
BioMass Fueling our Future

• Ryan Canady

2
Agenda

• History on Biofuels
• Types of Biofuels
• Current Biofuel trade Economy
• Future Economics of Biofuel trade
• Production of Biofuels
• Biofuel Technology
• Government Programs and Support
• Interesting Facts

3
Millenium Development Goal 7

• Integrate the principles of sustainable
  development into country policies and programmes
  reverse loss of environmental resources.
• Reduce by half the proportion of people without
  sustainable access to safe drinking water.
• Achieve significant improvement in lives of at
  least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020.

4
Biofuel Drivers

• increase of security of energy supply
• reduction of dependence on fossil fuels
• reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
• reduction local air pollution
• protection of soil and groundwater through the
  use of biodegradable products
• reduction of health hazards by using non-toxic
  products.

5
Biofuel Detractors

• Drives up cost of food as corn and sugar products
  are diverted into fuel tanks
• Biodiesel is currently about one and a half times
  more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel.
• It takes energy to produce biodiesel fuel from
  crops
• Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses in some
  engines, particularly in cars built before 1994.
• Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine. This
  dirt then collects in the fuel filter, which can
  clog it. Filters must be replaced frequently
  initially.
• Biofuels are not distributed as widely as
  traditional petroleum

6
Biofuel History

• Since the dawn of fire, man has used biofuels in
  the form of wood and dried waste.
• Nikolaus August Otto (combustion engine
  inventor), originally designed his engine to run
  on ethanol
• Rudolf Diesel (diesel engine inventor), designed
  his to run on peanut oil. Debuted at 1900 Worlds
  Fair.
• Henry Ford originally designed Model T to run on
  pure ethanol.

7
Biofuel History

• WWII brought about cheap Middle Eastern oil which
  lessened the overall interest in biofuels as oil
  became cheaper and more abundant
• Through the decades interest has waxed and waned
  as the price and availability of oil has
  fluctuated.
• Recently the rising cost of oil, global warming
  and government awards has renewed the interest in
  the biofuel industry.

8
Various Types of Biofuels

• Biodiesel
• Ethanol
• Vegetable oils
• Alcohols (Butanol, methanol, and other blends)
• Biohydrogen

9
Biofuel Yields
10
Biodiesel

• How is biodiesel made?Biodiesel is made through
  a chemical process called transesterification
  whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or
  vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two
  products -- methyl esters (the chemical name for
  biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct
  usually sold to be used in soaps and other
  products).
• Understanding Blending Blending is the process
  by which biodiesel is mixed with petroleum-based
  fuel. In its purest form, biodiesel is signified
  as a B100 blend (100 biodiesel). Blending can be
  achieved at any percentage. A B10 blend simply
  means that the fuel contains 10 biodiesel and
  90 petrol-diesel.
• Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic, and
  typically produces about 60 less net carbon
  dioxide emissions than petroleum-based diesel, as
  it is itself produced from atmospheric carbon
  dioxide via photosynthesis in plants.

11
Biodiesel Description

• Golden to dark brown in color
• High boiling point
• Low vapor pressure
• Immiscible to water
• Viscosity similar to petroleum
• Flash point 150 C
• Pure Biodiesel is non toxic.
• Higher lubricity index than diesel (extends
  injector life)

12
Biodiesel Feedstock

• Rapeseed
• Soybean
• Jatropha
• Sunflower
• Palm oil
• Canola
• Waste vegetable oil
• Virgin oil feedstock
• Animal fats
• algae
• Sewage (A company in New Zealand has successfully
  developed a system for using sewage waste as a
  substrate for algae and then producing
  bio-diesel)

13
World Biodiesel Production
14
Jatropha

• natively occur in tropical areas, India, Africa,
  North America, and the Caribbean.
• resistant to drought and pests
• produces seeds with up to 40 per cent oil content

15
Jatropha

• When the seeds are crushed, the resulting
  jatropha oil can be used in a standard diesel
  car, while the residue can also be processed into
  biomass to power electricity plants
• The plant can grow in wastelands, fertilizes the
  soil that it grows in, and yields more than four
  times as much fuel per hectare as soybean more
  than ten times that of corn. A hectare of
  jatropha produces 1,892 liters of fuel (about 6.5
  barrels per acre)

16
Rape Seed

• Also known as Canola, Rapa, and oilseed rape.
• Rapeseed oil is the preferred oil stock for
  biodiesel production in most of Europe, partly
  because rapeseed produces more oil per unit of
  land area as compared to other oil sources, such
  as soy beans.

17
Rape Seed

• Rapeseed derived biodiesel cost more to produce
  than standard diesel fuel. Prices of rapeseed oil
  are at very high levels presently (start November
  05) due to increased demand on rapeseed oil for
  this purpose.

18
Ethanol

• Ethanol is "an alcohol product produced from
  corn, sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugar cane, even
  biomass such as cornstalks and vegetable waste.
  When combined with gasoline, it increases octane
  levels while also promoting more complete fuel
  burning that reduces harmful tailpipe emissions
  such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons."
  (Abengoa Bioenergy)

19
Ethanol

• Its oxygen content helps gasoline burn more
  efficiently, cutting tailpipe pollutants
  including carbon monoxide and benzene. E10 can
  cut carbon monoxide emissions by 20, benzene
  emissions by 25 and overall gasoline toxicity by
  30.
• Over 99 of fuel ethanol in the US is consumed as
  E10, a 10 blend with gasoline. But E85, an 85
  blend, is beginning to emerge. The big three US
  automakers annually sell around 250,000 flexible
  fuel vehicles capable of running on E85 at no
  added cost to buyers.

20
Ethanol Producing Countries
21
Biofuels Pump

• B20 20 blend of biodiesel and diesel
• E85 85 blend of gasoline with ethanol
• E10 10 blend of gasoline and ethanol

22
Comparisons
23
Vegetable Oils

• Grease Cars typically duel fuel system cars of
  both vegetable oil and diesel.
• Can be used to both fuels vehicles and heat
  homes.
• Makes use of filtered waste vegetable oil (WVO)
  and straight vegetable oil (SVO)
• Should not be used in colder climates without a
  heating system.

24
Alcohols (Butanol Methanol)

• Due to similar molecular structure of alcohol,
  Butanol is more similar to gasoline than ethanol
  is.
• Butanol has been demonstrated to work in some
  vehicles designed for use with gasoline without
  any modification.
• Methanol is currently produced from natural gas,
  a fossil fuel. It can also be produced from
  biomass.
• Oils are mixed with sodium hydroxide and methanol
  (or ethanol) and the chemical reaction produces
  biodiesel (FAME) and glycerol. 1 part glycerol is
  produced for every 10 parts biodiesel.
• Glycerol can then be used
• Medicine and pharmaceutical technology
  (lubricants, cough syrups, laxatives, and
  dessicants)
• Personal care (toothpaste, mouthwash, soaps,
  deodorants)
• Foods and beverages (solvent, sweetners, food
  preservatives.)
• Feed
• And much more

25
Biohydrogen

• Hydrogen produced from biomass feedstock.
• Principle comes from manipulating plants such as
  algae and growing them in conditions that is
  photosynthesizes hydrogen from the water
• Most often used in fuel cells to produce
  electricity.

26
Small Scale Biodiesel Operation

• Materials needed
• Oil (seed oil, waste oil, etc can usually be
  obtained for free from many restaurants)
• Chemicals (Lye, Methanol 0.50/gallon)
• Containers (12 /5 gallon polyethylene resin
  container)
• Freedom Fueler Deluxe Biodiesel kit (4500,
  produces 80 gallons in 24 hours 110v/220V)
• Processing costs is about 0.70 a gallon)

27
Savings

• Buying 100 gallons of diesel 2 monthly at 3 a
  gallon costs 300
• Assuming a 0.70 processing cost.
• By making our own we will save 2.30 a gallon or
  230 a month if we use 100 blending. Break even
  would be at 20 months for kit price
• Using a 20 blend the savings are reduced to
  46.00. Break even would be at 8.1 years for
  kit price
• The glycerin byproducts can be composted back
  into the soil or crops used to grow the oil
  producing plants.

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Growing Seed Oil for Coop

• We choose to use Jatropha since it is a hardy
  plant, and native to most of the world.
• Its ability to grow in a range of soils makes it
  ideal as a seed oil crop.
• Since it is toxic to animals, we dont have to
  worry about livestock consuming the plants.
• It is also drought and pest resistant
• The biomass residue left after seed pressing can
  then be used to power electricity plants.
• It also serves to regenerate topsoil and stall
  erosion
• It absorbs carbon dioxide as it grows, thus
  making it carbon-neutral even when burnt.
• A jatropha bush can live for up to 50 years,
  producing oil in its second year of growth, and
  survive up to three years of consecutive drought.
  

29
Jatropha Coop Land

• Every hectare can produce 5500 gallons per
  hectare of oil (2.7 tons/hectare) and about 4
  tons of biomass. Every 8,000 hectares of the
  plant can run a 1.5 megawatt station, enough to
  power 2,500 homes.
• Community farmers could use micro lending
  agencies to purchase the equipment and 5 hectares
  of land per farmer to form cooperatives.
• Assuming 20 farmers to a coop, this gives 100
  hectares of jatropha fields yielding a total of
  550,000 gallons of oil annually.

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Cost / Savings

• The cost of cultivation depends upon labor
  availability and comes around US 550 per
  hectare, or 55,000 annually for 100 hectares.
• The cost maintenance of plantation is around US
  100-120 per year per hectare, or 12000 annually
  for 100 hectares
• The cost of oil extraction roughly comes about US
  0.12 / kg or 109 per ton. This gives
  294,000 for 100 hectares of oil extraction.
• Total cost is 361,000 annually for the coop.
• 550,000 gallons produced annually means that the
  cost is about 0.66/gal (This comes very close to
  the 0.70 figure for processing previously)
• Given the 3/gal cost today, that is a savings of
  457 or 2.34/gal. The total savings is 1.28
  million dollars a year.

31
Coop Equipment and Land
32
Time Scale

• TIMINGBiodiesel typically takes a couple of days
  to a week from start to finish to make a batch.
  Most people making biodiesel make anywhere
  between 20 to 100 gallons at a time in a batch
  process.
• Here's a breakdown of typical timing intervals
  from start to finish
• START
• Collecting Oil - 1-2 hours
• Filtering Oil - 1-2 hours (depends on amount of
  oil)
• Titration Of Oil - 10-15 minutes
• Transferring Oil To Processor - 10-20 minutes
• Heating Oil - 1-4 hours (depends on amount of
  oil, voltage wattage of element)
• Making Methoxide - 5-20 minutes (depends on
  amount of methanol and catalyst used)
• Mixing Methoxide Into Oil - 20-30 minutes
• Mixing Oil Methoxide - 2-3 hours
• Settling Oil - 8-10 hours (usually overnight)
• Draining Glycerine - 5-10 minutes
• Transferring Biodiesel To Wash Tank - 10-20
  minutes
• First Mist Wash - 2-3 hours
• Second Mist Wash - 2-3 hours
• First Bubble Wash - 6-8 hours (usually overnight)
  
• Second Bubble Wash - 6-8 hours (usually
  overnight)
• Transferring Biodiesel To Drying Containers -
  10-20 minutes (depends on amount)

33
Current trade economy

• Brazil Sugar Cane (Ethanol)
• India jatropha (Bio diesel)
• United States Soy and Corn (Bio diesel)
• Alaska Fish oils (Bio diesel)
• Haiti jatropha (Bio diesel)
• Costa Rica Crude Palm oil (Bio diesel)
• Europe/Aisa Rapseed (Bio diesel)

34
Government Aid and Support

• U.S. Dept. of Energy has awarded 375 million
  for bioenergy research centers.
• A 2006 reports by Global Subsidies Initiative
  (GSI) estimates that subsidies to biofuels are
  between 5.5 billion and 7.3 billion a year
• Governments around the world continue to show
  their support for increased use of bioethanol,
  with recent initiatives coming from Australia,
  Japan and the world's fastest growing economy,
  China.

35
Brazilian Biofuel

• Mid-1980s were a major success for mass
  producing biofuels and motor vehicles
• Farmers payed generous subsidies to grow sugar
  cane for ethanol
• Higher sugar prices and newly discovered offshore
  oil caused backlash in the 1990s.

36
India Biofuels

• Two major sources
• Biodiesel primarily from Jatropha seed oil
• Ethanol Corn and cane sugar
• Since the usage of ethanol sources diverts food
  into gas tanks, and sends corn prices
  skyrocketing, jatropha (a non edible plant) is
  gaining a lot of headway in the biodiesel section

37
United States Biofuels

• Primary Biofuel is Ethanol
• The current ethanol industry traces its origins
  back to the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 that
  caused the initial interest in renewable energy
  sources.
• In 1990 the Clean Air Act (CAA90) created a new
  source of demand for ethanol in the US.
• In response to CAA90, US ethanol production
  tripled from 1 billion gallons in 1990 to 3
  billion gallons by 2003.
• Corn is the largest feedstock used in ethanol
  production accounting for 90 of all ethanol
  production.

38
Ethanol Geography
39
US Ethanol Capacity
40
Ethanol by State
41
Oregon Biofuels

• Ethanol currently comprises 4 of Oregons
  gasoline supply. 
• Oregon Governor Ted Kulongoski signed legislation
  in July 2007 that will require all gasoline sold
  in the state to be blended with 10 bioethanol (a
  blend known as BE10) and all diesel fuel sold in
  the state to be blended with 2 biodiesel (a
  blend known as BD2).
• Imports from the Midwest supply most Northwest
  ethanol consumption. According to Federal Highway
  Administration figures, 33 million gallons are
  blended into Washingtons 2.6 billion gallon per
  year gasoline consumption. Oregon blends 14
  million gallons of ethanol into its annual
  gasoline consumption of 1.5 billion gallons.

42
Oregon Biofuel Legislation

• 7 bills are pending. 
• Provides incentives to produce biofuels in Oregon
  (HB 3030, SB 736)
• Provides incentives to utilize Oregon crops (HB
  3031, HB 3032)
• Sets a renewable fuel standard for gasoline and
  diesel (HB 3033)
• Expands markets for biodiesel (HB 3034)
• Cleans up diesel school buses with biodiesel (HB
  3035)

43
Haiti Biofuels

• Jatropha Biofuel production is in its infancy
  still
• Big push underway to establish small scale
  jatropha operations in the villages.
• Farmers can utilize micro credit loans to
  purchase Kick Start presses to run their
  jatropha farms.
• Village generators can run independently of power
  grids on jatropha seed oil.

44
Costa Rica

• Primary Biomass
• Sugar Cane
• Palm Oil
• Jatropha
• Palm Oil can produce up to 5000 litres per acre
  (1100 gallons)
• Costa Rica announced it's plans to become the
  world's first carbon neutral country by 2030.

Five teams will drive 4,500 miles on grease power
from the USA to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
45
Asia

• Biodiesel the most prominent resulting from
• Rapeseed
• Palm oil
• Cassava
• Ethanol is also gaining ground most notably in
  Cellulosic Ethanol
• China which led the major drive across its cities
  in use of biofuels for transportation, with
  ambitious plan of increasing the present 1
  million tons of ethanol and biodiesel last year
  to 12 million tones in 2020. Japan has also
  followed suit with goals of supplementing
  traditional fuels with bioethanol by 2010.

46
Malaysia

• Malaysia has already begun preparations to change
  from diesel to bio-fuels by 2008, including
  drafting legislation that will make the switch
  mandatory. From 2007, all diesel sold in Malaysia
  must contain 5 palm oil. Being the world's
  largest producer of crude palm oil, Malaysia
  intends to take advantage of the rush to find
  cleaner fuels.

Newly Started Palm Oil Plantation
47
Europe

• The European biofuel sector is made up of two
  distinct sectors
• Ethanol Obtained from fermenting beets, corn,
  barley or wheat, which are used for their sugar
  content that can be transformed into alcohol.
• Biodisel Biodiesel (or FAME fatty acids methyl
  ester) is produced from rapeseed or sunflower for
  use as an additive to diesel fuel.
• Combined European production (EU-15) of both of
  these sectors represented 1,743,500 tons
  (equivalent to 1,488,680 toe) in 2003, with a
  strong prominence of biodiesel which represents
  82.2 of European biofuel production. The overall
  figures represent a growth of 26 with respect to
  2002
• EU has set a goal that by 2010 each member state
  should have at least 5.75 biofuel usage for
  traffic fuel and 10 by 2020.

48
EU vs. World
49
EU Production
50
OPEC Oil
51
Hydrocarbon Projections
52
Future Trade Impacts

• In terms of Economics, OPEC currently dominates
  the world with their 50 trillion dollar oil
  profits (not excess!!!)
• However as oil production peaks in 2010 and
  starts to decline through 2050, those profits
  will also begin to dwindle.
• This will bring about a new world super power in
  terms of fuel economics and power.
• Currently India and South America lead the way in
  the production of alternative biofuels and
  continue to grow their production and technology.
• If nothing is done to change the current status
  the OPEC group will lose their grip on the fuel
  leader of the world as Indian and South America
  take over

53
Future Trade Impacts

• Since OPEC currently has a projected profit of
  50 trillion over the next 15 years, their best
  bet would be to invest part of that (after the
  EDGE students get their cut to reforest the
  world) in the Indian and South American companies
  producing alternative fuels or the creation of
  their own. (Jatropha can grow in deserts!)
• Europe, Asia, and the US would be the next major
  biofuel players behind India and South America.

54
Future Trade Impacts

• The scarcity of land for OECD (Organization for
  Economic Co-operation and Development) countries
  presents a problem in the biofuel world.
• This would increase international trade with
  those tropical and sub tropical countries who
  have the potential for production due to better
  climates, land and infrstructure.

55
Future Trade Impacts

• There is currently no standard classification of
  Biofuels at the WTO level
• Ethanol generally classified as agricultural
• Biodiesel classified as industrial
• This difference is important because the rules
  differ based on agricultural versus industrial as
  far as market access and subsidies
• Lack of International Standards and
  Certifications
• These barriers have limited the emergence of a
  global market in biofuels, but over the next few
  decades, pressure to reduce these barriers or
  eliminate them altogether will increase immensely.

56
Interesting Facts

• Biodiesel improves domestic energy security. By
  using domestically produced, renewable fuels like
  biodiesel, the United States can reduce
  dependence on foreign countries for oil.
  Biodiesel has the highest energy balance of any
  fuel, further increasing its value in our energy
  portfolio. Every unit of fossil fuel it takes to
  make biodiesel results in 3.2 units of energy
  gain. Since petroleum diesel has a negative
  energy balance of .88, every gallon of biodiesel
  used has the potential to extend our petroleum
  reserves by four gallons.

57
Interesting Facts

• You can run any diesel engine on restaurant's
  used vegetable oil.
• Any Diesel engine after '94 needs no alterations
  to its engine in order to make such a conversion.
• Any diesel engine before '94 just needs new
  tubing for the gas line so that the oil does not
  corrode the fuel lines.
• Any blend of biodiesel and fossil fuel diesel can
  be used in a diesel engine without fear of any
  engine flaws.
• Biodiesel also extends the life of your engine by
  20 because it naturally lubricates the engines
  moving parts cutting down on the friction
  created. Also, less friction means less heat
  which in turn will reduce the frequency of heat
  related breakdowns.
• Burning vegetable oil smells like hot donuts
  cooking in your engine block.

58
Energy Needs

• Can biofuels replace and meet our Energy needs?
• Growing biofuel on 100 of the world's farmland
  would only provideabout 20 of the energy
  produced each year from crude oil
• ..Its a start though.

59
Biofuel Yields
60
World Deforestation

• Ryan Canady
• EDGE Summer 2007

61
Annual Deforestation Rates 2000-2005 (x1000
Factor)
Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com
62
Year 2000 Summary
Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com
63
Deforestation Rates (x1000)
Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com
64
World Contributions
Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com
65
Carbon Emissions (per capita per country)
Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com
66
Global CO2 Emissions in Tons (in Millions)
67
Reforesting Efforts

• Planting the wrong kind of trees, such as
  monocultures of eucalyptus or pine where they are
  not native species, can devastate the lands of
  the local people.
• A practical solution is to plant tough,
  fast-growing native tree species which begin
  rebuilding the land
• Reforestation, if several native species are used
  can provide other benefits in addition to
  financial returns, including restoration of the
  soil, rejuvenation of local flora and fauna, and
  the capturing and sequestering of 38 tonnes of
  carbon dioxide per hectare per year

68
Worldly Data

• Total Average Deforested per year 12,599,000
  Hectares
• 2000-2005 Deforestation 62,995,000 Hectares
• Carbon Sequestration from Native Species 38
  tonnes per hectare per year
• Total Sequestration potential over 5 years
  2,393,810,000 tonnes.

69
Reforestation Rates 2000-2005 (x1000 factor)
Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com
70
Costs

• Mitigation costs through forestry can be quite
  modest (US0.1US20 / metric ton carbon dioxide)
  in some tropical developing countries
• As little as 90 US will plant 900 trees, enough
  to annually remove as much carbon dioxide as is
  annually generated by the fossil-fuel usage of an
  average United States resident

71
Carbon Sequestration Diagram
72
US Sequestration

• In the United States in 2004 (the most recent
  year for which EPA statistics are available),
  forests sequestered 10.6 of the carbon dioxide
  released in the United States by the combustion
  of fossil fuels. Urban trees sequestered another
  1.5 To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide
  emissions by 7, as stipulated by the Kyoto
  Protocol, would require the planting of "an area
  the size of Texas 8 of the area of Brazil
  every 30 years", according to William H.
  Schlesinger, dean of the Nicholas School of the
  Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke
  University, in Durham, N.C.. Carbon offset
  programs are planting millions of fast-growing
  trees per year to reforest tropical lands, for as
  little as 0.10 per tree over their typical
  40-year lifetime, one million of these trees will
  fix 0.9 teragrams of carbon dioxide

73
What are we doing?

• ABB (Power and Automation Technologies) built the
  worlds first commercial CO2 capture facility at
  its Shady Point, Oklahoma coal-fired power plant.
  It captures 200 tons of CO2 a day from the
  plants flue gas, which is purified, liquefied,
  and sold to the food products industry (Soda,
  Soda water, Pop Rocks, Baking powder...)
• AEP (American Electric Power), under DOEs
  Climate Challenge Tree Planting Project, has
  planted 21,914 acres with nearly 19 million mixed
  hardwood and conifer trees at a cost of
  approximately 5.7 million. Projected CO2
  sequestration is 4.7 million metric tons over the
  term of the project. In a separate initiative in
  Louisiana, AEP has planted 9,784 acres with
  nearly 3 million bottomland hardwood trees at a
  cost of 6.25 million. Projected carbon
  sequestration is over 4.4 million metric tons.
• Royal Dutch/Shell is a member of the CO2 capture
  project CO2 Capture Research Project, an
  international effort by seven of the worlds
  leading energy companies.

74
What are we doing?

• Pacific Gas and Electric Company has submitted a
  proposal to the California Public Utilities
  Commission (CPUC) for a new and innovative
  environmental program that will allow interested
  customers to contribute toward a cleaner
  California.   This voluntary program would be
  available to most of PGEs residential and
  business customers.
• Through the Climate Protection Program,
  customers can choose to sign up and pay a small
  premium on their monthly utility bill which will
  fund independent environmental projects aimed at
  removing carbon dioxide from the air.  To read
  more about this program, click here. 
• In 2004 Weyerhaeuser improved its process for
  inventorying GHG emissions and the carbon stored
  in its forests and products.  The companys
  operations sequestered approximately 26 million
  metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents and
  emitted approximately 7 million tons from the use
  of fossil fuels and other activities.  This
  effectively sequestered 19 million metric tons of
  carbon dioxide equivalent or 0.5 metric tons of
  carbon equivalents per ton of production, an
  improvement of approximately 18 over 2003.

75
Value of Remaining OPEC Oil

• 913 Billion Barrels 913,000,000,000
• Average cost of extraction 15 to 20/barrel
• Expected Price on Market 75/barrel
• Scarcity Profit 55 x 913,000,000,000
• 50,215,000,000,000 50.215 trillion (on
  remaining reserves)
• If spread over 15 years it will be about 3.347
  trillion/year
• World population 6.6 billion
• Oil Profit 507 for/from each person on earth
  per year.
• Referened from EDGE Summer 07 Lecture 04 B.
  Lusignan

76
Cost of CO2

• At a cost of 90 for 900 trees that will absorb
  30 tons of CO2 annually, this gives the cost of
  3/ton.
• 125,128,600,000 worldwide tons of CO2 annually
  multiplied by 3 a ton 375.6 billion to
  sequester the annual CO2 emmissions.
• OPEC profits are 50.215 trillion (on remaining
  reserves)
• A contribution from OPEC of 375.6 billion /
  50.125 trillion or 0.74798 of their profits
  could reforest enough of the world to account for
  annual CO2 emmissions.

77
References

• Wikipedia
• Greasecar.com
• www.bbc.co.uk
• www.laughlinoil.com
• www.biodiesel.org
• www.soygrower.com
• www.saabbiopower.co.uk
• www.mongabay.com
• www.ecoworld.com
• www.jatrophabiodiesel.org
• Bruce Lusignan, EDGE lectures, 2007
• The Structure and Outlook for the US Biofuels
  Industry Informa Economics, Inc October 2005
  (www.in.gov)
• Implications of a Future Global Biofuels Market
  for Economic Development and International Trade
  Henry Lee, William Clark, Robert Lawrence, Gloria
  Viscount Harvard University, May 09,2007