Discrimination%20

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Discrimination Complex Stimulus Control

• Chs12 13

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Reinforcement-Based Discrimination
SD
After
Behavior
Before
SD
After
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Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

• A stimulus in the presence of which a particular
  response will be reinforced or punished

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S-delta (SD)

• A stimulus in the presence of which a particular
  response will not be reinforced or punished

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Reinforcement-Based Discrimination
SD Brelandlesss target
After Chicken has food
Behavior Chicken pulls the trigger
Before Chicken has no food
After Chicken has no food
SD Breland
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Discrimination Training Procedure

• Reinforcing or punishing a response in the
  presence of one stimulus and extinguishing it or
  allowing it to recover in the presence of another
  stimulus.

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Stimulus discrimination(stimulus control)

• The occurrence of a response more frequently in
  the presence of one stimulus than in the presence
  of another, usually as a result of a
  discrimination training procedure

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Differential Reinforcement vs. Stimulus
Discrimination
One Stimulus Two Stimuli
One Response Class No differentiation or discrimination Stimulus discrimination
Two Response Classes Response differentiation Combined differentiation discrimination
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Concept training

• Intuition?
• Control by a concept or set of contingencies the
  person or organism does not define or describe
• Concept of PERSON is complex

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Herrnstein Loveland

• Concept training procedure with nonverbal animal

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Concept Training
SD Various pictures of people
After Pigeon has grain
Behavior Pigeon pecks key
Before No grain
Sdelta Various pictures with no people
After Pigeon has no grain
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Concept Training
SD Various Picasso paintings
After Pigeon has grain
Behavior Pigeon pecks key
Before No grain
Sdelta Various painting by others
After Pigeon has no grain
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Complex Stimulus Control

• Conceptual stimulus control

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Stimulus class (concept)

• A set of stimuli all of which have some common
  physical property
• A stimulus class is the same thing as a concept

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Stimulus generalization

• The behavioral contingencies in the presence of
  one stimulus affects the frequency of the
  response in the presence of another stimulus
• E.g. reinforcement for pecking in presence of 1
  Picasso painting affects likelihood of pecking in
  presence of another Picasso painting (more likely)

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Concept Training

• Reinforcing or punishing a response in the the
  presence of one stimulus class and extinguishing
  it or allowing it to recover in the presence of
  another stimulus class

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Concept trainingVs.
Conceptual stimulus control
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Conceptual stimulus control

• Responding occurs more often in the presence of
  one stimulus class and less often in the presence
  of another stimulus class because of concept
  training

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Testing for stimulus generalization

• Test for stimulus generalization using novel
  stimuli
• If respond correctly to novel stimuli, can say
  the behavior is under the stimulus control of
  concepts.

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Stimulus generalization vs. stimulus
discrimination

• Responds in presence of SD but not in the
  presence of SD. This is ______________
• Responds at similar rates in presence of SD and
  SD. This is __________________

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Stimulus Generalization
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Stimulus Discrimination
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Stimulus-Generalization Gradient
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Generalization vs. Discrimination

• Amount of generalization is the opposite of the
  amount of stimulus discrimination (stimulus
  control)

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Fading, Errorless Learning, Imitation

• Chapter 13 14, Part 2

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Fading

• Stimulus dimensions
• The physical properties of stimuli

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Stimulus Dimensions

• Stimuli differ from each other
• House vs. car
• Obvious dimensions
• Size, weight, shape, material, etc.

vs.
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Stimulus Dimensions

• The more dimensions along which objects differ,
  the easier to establish a discriminative stimulus
  control
• The fewer dimensions along which objects differ,
  the harder it is to establish discriminative
  stimulus control

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Example

• Good golf balls (SD) vs. bad golf balls (SD)
• This is a discrimination that is difficult
• How can the discrimination be established?
• The 2 golf balls are similar in so many
  dimensions.and differ in only a few
• Roundness, resiliency, hardness of cover

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Make stimulus dimensions more salient, then use
fading

• Color the bad golf ball green
• Leave the good golf ball alone
• Reinforce picking out good golf balls
• Dont reinforcer picking bad (green) golf balls

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Fading

• Gradually fade out the difference between good
  balls and bad balls by reducing the green

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Fading procedure

• At first, the SD and the SD differ along at least
  two stimulus dimensions (green white, new
  old).
• The difference between the SD and the SD along
  all but one dimension is reduced until there is
  no difference along the reduced dimensions.
• The the SD and the SD differ along only one
  dimension

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Errorless Discrimination Procedure

• The use of a fading procedure to establish a
  discrimination, with no errors during training.

Jimmy
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Jimmy
Susan
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Jimmy
Susan
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Jimmy
Susan
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Jimmy
Susan
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Jimmy
Susan
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Jimmy
Susan
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Reinforcement-Based Discrimination
SD Jimmy on a white ? black card
After Jimmy has a raisin
Behavior Jimmy picks card
Before Jimmy has no raisin
After Jimmy has no raisin
SD Susan on a black card
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Stimulus Dimensions

• Lettering
• Shading
• At first, choice of cards was under the control
  of the dimension of ________
• Then, after fading, responding was under the
  control of the dimension of _______

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Techniques of Gradual Change
Procedure Area of Application Purpose
Shaping Response differentiation To bring about a response not made by the organism
Reinforcer Reduction Type amount of reinforcer To maintain responses already made or to establish a particular pattern of responses
Fading Stimulus discrimination To bring the response under the control of stimuli that didnt exert control initially
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Reinforcer Reduction

• Move from primary to secondary reinforcers
• Change from 3 pellets to 1 pellet

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Imitation

• The form of the behavior of the imitator is
  controlled by similar behavior of the model

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Imitation Training Stimulus Discrimination
SD Raised arm and do this
After Marilla has food praise
Behavior Marilla raises arm
Before Marilla has no food praise
After Marilla has no food praise
SD No arm raised or no do this
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Imitation Training Differential Reinforcement
After Marilla has food praise
Behavior Marilla raises arm
Before Marilla has no food praise
After Marilla has no food praise
Behavior Marilla raises arm
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Training Imitation

• Train imitation with a partner
• Touch nose
• Touch toes
• Raise hand
• Etc

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Generalized Imitation

• Imitation of the response of a model without
  previous reinforcement of imitation of that
  specific response.