TAKS Objective 3

1
TAKS Objective 3

• Symbiosis, Ecology,
• Food Webs, Cycles and Energy Flow
• And Mans Effects on the Environment

2
What are they referring to?

• Biosphere The entire area of the planet that
  supports life.
• Biome An area defined by specific abiotic and
  biotic factors.
• Community The groups of living things in an
  area and how they relate.

3
Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors

• Biotic what kinds of plants (flora) and animals
  (fauna) live in it.
• Abiotic Nonliving characteristics such as soil
  type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature
  cycles.

4
Name the Biome
Temperate Forest
Desert
Tundra
Grasslands Savannah
Tropical Rainforest
Tiaga
5
Ecology The study of the relationships among
living things

• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
  living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on the
  other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed it is
  called parasitism

6
Mutualism . . .

• Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a
  Remora. The shark never eats them since they
  clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both
  species are helped, this is mutualism.

7
Commensulism . . .

• Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of
  large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they
  are helped by being raised up into the sunshine
  and receiving water.

8
Parasites . . .

• Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example
  is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts
  food, causing the host to starve to death.

9

• 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
  protection from predators by sheltering
  themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea
  anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can
  potentially scare off predators of sea anemones.
  This relationship is an example of --
• A neutralism
• B mutualism
• C parasitism
• D commensalism

This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or
Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
Means only one is being helped and the
relationship has no effect on the other also
incorrect
10
What is helped? The ants. No effect on the tree.
This is the definition of
11
All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
12
Energy Diagrams

• At one end of the diagram are plants.
• They are called producers since they are capable
  of turning light energy into food (chemical
  energy) by photosynthesis.
• They pass 10 of the energy they absorb to
  animals that eat them.

13
18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food
web is provided by-
Used by producers
This is a process, not an energy source. H and J
are elements which are types of matter, not
energy. So our answer should be F

• F sunlight
• G photosynthesis
• H oxygen
• J carbon dioxide

14
Consumers or Trophic Levels

• 1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also
  called herbivores.
• 2nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are
  called carnivores.
• 3rd Order Consumers animals that eat other
  animals, they also eat plants and are called
  Omnivores

15
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level
because they A both live on land B are both
large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have
similar hunting patterns
Trophic level Means 1st , 2nd or 3rd Order
Consumer
16
10 Energy Rule Only 10 of the energy moves up
to the next trophic level.
Decomposers
Omnivores
17
If we apply the 10 rule, 10 of the 1000 kcal of
the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10 of
that is 10 kcal which is 1 of the original
1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the
tissues so it is A.
43 Approximately how much of the energy available
in the tissues of the producer is eventually
incorporated into the tissues of a secondary
consumer? A Less than 1 B Between 20 and
30 C Approximately 50 D More than 50
18
Food Chain One of many feeding relationships in
a community

• Arrows in a food chain show the direction of
  energy flow.
• This is not the only feeding relationship for
  these organisms.
• When several or all of the food relationships are
  shown its a . . .

19
Food Web
20
Food Webs

• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
  relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the direction
  of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain is a
  plant. These are the only things that can turn
  sunshine into food.

21

• 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most
  likely have accumulated the largest concentration
  of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their
  bodies?
• A Phytoplankton
• B Zooplankton
• C Lake trout
• D Gulls

Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web,
they would have the highest accumulation of
everything but energy.
22
Predator and Prey

• Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food
  source for the . . .
• Predator This is the hunter animal. The
  population of the predator must be less than the
  prey or they do not have enough food.

23
To increase the predator population you could do
what?

• 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause
  increases in a predator population?
• F Fewer prey
• G A reduction in competition
• H More parasites
• J A period of drought

Reduces available food Nope!
Less predators, they would be sick or dying!
Less predators and prey, theyd be gone looking
for water!
24
Carrying Capacity

• This is the maximum number of a specific
  population that an area can support with enough
  food and living requirements. It is shown by a
  line on population graphs for a specific species.
  

25
Water Cycle

• Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and
  ground.
• Plants respire and water evaporates into clouds
  where it condenses.
• The ground filters the water run-off into the
  rivers and lakes where it evaporates again.

26
Carbon Cycle

• Glucose C6H12O6 is produced by plants, eaten by
  animals.
• Photosynthesis
• Animals and plants exhale CO2 which is taken in
  by plants to make glucose
• Cellular Respiration

27
Nitrogen Cycle
28
Rock Cycle
29

• 3. The diagram shows several phases of the
  nitrogen cycle. Which of the following describes
  the most likely effect of removing some plants
  from the area by using chemical herbicides?
• A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground
  would be slowed.
• B The flow of necessary nutrients would be
  disrupted.
• C The ability of plants to complete
  photosynthesis would be increased.
• D The infiltration of water into the ground
  would be halted.

Erosion of rocks changes with water and wind, not
plants.
Less plants, less photosynthesis, doesnt effect
ability of one plant.
Water going into the ground would be increased,
not halted. There would be fewer plants
absorbing it.
30
Fossils

• These are imprints or remains of living things.
• In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
  deeper it is, the older it is.
• Give us information about extinct species.

31
Evolution The process of change over time.

• There are natural variations in all populations
  due to mutations in DNA.
• As climate changes occur, and as pressures in
  terms of food, space, shelter and predation
  occur, some variations allow a species to
  survive.
• Survivors reproduce causing the change to become
  a characteristic of the species.
• Adaptations occur during the lifetime of the
  organism, and are a response to the environment.

32
Speciation Separation into new species.

• Geographic isolation can cause two different
  natural variations to become prominent causing 2
  separate species.
• Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.

33
About 10,000 years ago two populations of
tassel-eared squirrels were separated from each
other. Today these squirrels are so different
that they are unable to interbreed when brought
together.

• 44 Which of the following explains this
  phenomenon?
• F Competition
• G Extinction
• H Predation
• J Speciation

Cant compete they are separated, they are both
still alive so not extinct, and neither hunts the
other so it is not predation . . .
34
Mans Effects on the Environment

• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the
  atmosphere.
• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is
  very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG
• Caused from burning fossil fuels. . .

35
Mans Effects on the Environment

• More than 90 of fresh water is locked in ice at
  the polar caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh water is polluted by land
  run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat
  directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

36
Mans Effects on the Environment

• Global warming, also called the Greenhouse Effect
  is caused by excess burning of fossil
  fuels,destruction of our oxygen producing
  protista in the oceans, and deforestation on
  land. Less plants means less oxygen and more
  CO2.

37
54 Which of these activities can help conserve
natural resources?
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
What is the phrase for ecology?

• F Recycling cardboard boxes
• G Washing small loads of laundry
• H Driving large cars
• J Building wooden fences

Yes! Recycle! Not saving water! Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees that give oxygen and clean
air!
38
Viruses

• Viruses are not alive because they can not
  reproduce on their own. They need a host cell,
  and
• They do not grow and develop and
• They do not exchange with their environment

39
Viral Illnesses

• Measles, mumps, colds, influenza, Cold Sores,
  HIV, mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus are all
  illnesses that are caused by a virus.
• A Virus is has a coat called a capsid, a strand
  inside of DNA or RNA (genetic material), and some
  type of attachment appendage.

40
Bacteria

• Bacteria can cause illnesses too, however 90 of
  all bacteria is helpful, NOT harmful.
• Without bacteria, you would not be able to make
  or eat cheese or ice cream. Without them, you
  would be ill most of the time.
• Strep Throat and Staph infections are examples of
  bacterial infections.

41
An example of a TAKS question. . .

• 36 Streptococcus infection in a persons
  throat can cause pain and fever. Streptococcus
  can be controlled by antibiotics. Streptococcus
  is a
• F virus
• G bacterium
• H protozoan
• J fungus

• Anti means against, biotic means it is a living
  thing. So, it cant be a virus, they are not
  living things.
• Protozoan or fungus would have a two part
  scientific name, its Genus and species.

42
Your turn!

• Cholera-causing bacteria belong to the genus
  Vibrio. Some species of Vibrio cause diseases in
  chickens and humans. However, some species have
  mutualistic relationships with fish and other
  marine life.

• 1. Which of these is the best example of a
  mutualistic relationship in an aquatic
  environment?
• A Some fish can survive repeated infections by
  harmful bacteria.
• B Some fish have bacteria living in their
  digestive tract that help the fish digest food.
• C Some bacteria are present in aquatic food
  chains in which fish are secondary consumers.
• D Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that
  recycle nutrients useful to fish.

43

• 2 According to the information above, which of
  these is responsible for the decrease in the
  black-footed ferret population?
• F Competition with prairie dogs for resources
• G Reduced numbers of prairie dogs
• H Activity of research institutes
• J Development of managed wildlife areas

Save Our Species Poster
Black-Footed Ferret This slender animal depends
mainly on prairie dogs for food and shelter. The
ferret lives in prairie dogs underground tunnels
and hunts them at night. When prairie dogs became
scarce, so did black-footed ferrets. In 1986 the
18 ferrets known to be alive were moved to a
Wyoming research institute. The number of ferrets
has increased, and recently a few were released
into managed wildlife areas.
44
The collared peccary is often mistaken for a pig.
It has a short pig-like snout and crushing
molars. The peccary has a mass of 1020 kg and a
shoulder height of about 50 cm. The collared
peccary is omnivorous, eating mostly roots,
seeds, fruit, cacti, and occasionally insects and
mice. Peccaries travel in herds of 630 animals.
The natural enemies of the peccary are bobcats
and coyotes. The collared peccary is often
mistaken for a pig. It has a short pig-like snout
and crushing molars.
The Collared Peccary
3 Which of these is a food web based on the
relationships described above?
45

• 4 The picture shows a piece of rotting wood.
• Which of these does the picture demonstrate?
• F Photosynthesis occurring
• G Wood regenerating
• H Decomposers growing
• J Genes transforming

46
How One Fungus Gets Nutrients A certain type of
fungus grows sticky structures when roundworms
are near. Roundworms that come close to the
sticky structures can become trapped. The
fungus penetrates and digests trapped roundworms.

• 5 Which word best describes the fungus in the
  situation above?
• A Predator
• B Producer
• C Parasite
• D Decomposer

47

• 6. Plant leaves have a waxy covering called a
  cuticle. When some plants are stressed by lack
  of water, their cuticle increases in thickness.
  What does this action demonstrate?
• A Alternation of generations in plants
• B Structural response to the environment
• C Differentiation of vascular tissue in plants
• D Genetic mutation induced by the environment

48

• 47 Which of these does a virus need in order to
  multiply?
• A Chloroplasts from a host cell
• B A host cell to provide oxygen for the virus
• C New ADP from a host cell
• D A host cell to replicate the viruss DNA

49
And the answers are

• B Some fish have bacteria living in their
  digestive tract that help the fish digest food.
• G Reduced numbers of prairie dogs
• B This is the only one with arrows to the Peccary
  from plants and mice, and to coyotes and bobcats.
  
• H Decomposers growing
• C The fungus is helped, but the worm is dead.
• B To avoid water loss, during a drought
  (environment) a protective layer gets thicker.