Medieval Europe

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Medieval Europe
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Medieval Europe

• The Barbarians had destroyed the Roman empire by
  a.d.500. With the decline of the Roman empire so
  also did cities and law and Government. The Time
  in history is called thedark ages. This time
  period was a transition period to modern era.
  This era combined Germanic cultures and Christian
  beliefs.

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Frankish empire

• Modern day France was settled by a germanic tribe
  called the Franks in a.d.400s. The early rulers
  of the Franks were the Merovingian Kings and the
  first king was Merowig. A very brutal warrior
  named Clovis later became King of the Franks.
  Later he turned to the Church and accepted
  Catholicism. After his death the Kings power had
  mostly been transferred to the mayor of the
  palace. A very famous Mayor was named Charles
  Martel the hammer. It was under the leadership
  of Martel that the muslims were pushed out of
  France.

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Others leaders of France

• In 750a.d. Martels son came to power as King of
  the Franks, his name was Pepin the short.
  Pepin had a son named Charlemagne Charles the
  Great.
• Charlemagne was one of the great kings of Europe.
  He doubled his borders and included Germany ,
  France, northern Spain, Italy. He established the
  Frankish empire.
• One accomplishment was formation of schools in
  churches. He gathered scholars all over the
  country to teach in the palace schools.

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Charlemagne emperor

• Charlemagne was king of a massive empire. In a.d.
  800 Charlemagne went to the aid of the Pope Leo
  III to show his gratitude the Pope crowned Leo
  emperor of the Romans. It bothered him that the
  Pope crowned him because it said that the Pope
  was more powerful. He appointed local
  administrators- there job was to solved local
  problems, stopped feuds, protected the weak,
  raised armies for the emperor. Each year
  Charlemagne would send out messengers to check on
  the progress of the local administrators.
  Charlemagne died in a.d. 814 and his three
  feuding grandsons fought over the empire and
  divided it in half- Charles the Bald (western
  part), Louis the German (eastern portion),
  Lothair took the land in the middle he later was
  crowned emperor of Rome. Due to the fighting the
  empire became weak and was attacked by Muslims,
  slavs, and Vikings who almost destroyed the
  empire.

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Feudalism is created

• Feudalism was a localized form of Government
  where the King and nobles worked together. After
  the empire was attacked by outside groups and
  weakened it , Kings granted Lords or nobles large
  tracks of land. The Lord would in turn have
  peasants that would work the land. The lords were
  given governmental powers. In return he was to
  use his money to establish mounted knights,
  horses and battle equipment to defend the empire.
  The Lords would build Castles to defend against
  enemies.The knights were governed by the code of
  Chivalry- brave in battle, fight fairly, keep
  promises, defend Christianity, treat women of
  noble birth in a courteous manner.

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Feudalism and Manorialism

• Two new political systems emerge from the
  fragments of Holy Roman Empire Feudalism and
  Manorialism. Feudalism power is decentralized,
  exercised locally by private individuals. Minor
  nobles (vassals) pledge their allegiance to most
  powerful nobles (lords) in exchange for land
  grants (fiefs). Manorialism small
  self-sufficient communities 12-50 families on
  300-5000 acres. Administered by stewards, who
  collect funds for lords. Freemen and serfs
  (slaves) enjoy small land grants.

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Code of chivalry

• Code of Chivalry
• 1. Thou shalt believe all that the church teaches
  and shall obey all her commandments.
• 2. Thou shalt defend the church.
• 3. Thou shalt respect all weaknesses and shalt
  constitute thyself the defender of them.
• 4. Thou shalt love the country in which thou wast
  born.
• 5. Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy.
• 6. Thou shalt make war against the infidel
  without cessation and without mercy.
• 7. Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal
  duties, if they be not contrary to the laws of
  God.
• 8. Thou shalt never lie, and shalt remain
  faithful to thy pledged word.
• 9. Thou shalt be generous, and give largesse to
  everyone.
• 10. Thou shalt be everywhere and always the
  champion of the Right and the Good against
  injustice and evil.

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Peasants

• Peasant ClothingPeasant men wore stockings or
  tunics, while women wore long gowns with
  sleeveless tunics and wimples to cover their
  hair. Sheepskin cloaks and woolen hats and
  mittens were worn in winter for protection from
  the cold and rain. Leather boots were covered
  with wooden patens to keep the feet dry. The
  outer clothes were almost never laundered, but
  the linen underwear was regularly washed. The
  smell of wood smoke that permeated the clothing
  seemed to act as a deodorant. Peasant women spun
  wool into the threads that were woven into the
  cloth for these garments.

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Peasant life

• Life during the Middle ages was centered around
  system of agriculture or manorialism.The peasant
  lived in the castle and was protected by the lord
  or noble. In return the peasant provided
  services farm the lords land, make payment of
  goods. Most of the peasants were Serfs people
  who were bound to the land and who could not
  leave without permission

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Clothing of the Nobles

• Most people in the Middles Ages wore woolen
  clothing, with undergarments made of linen.
  Brighter colors, better materials, and a longer
  jacket length were usually signs of greater
  wealth. The clothing of the aristocracy and
  wealthy merchants tended to be elaborate and
  changed according to the dictates of fashion.
  Towards the end of the Middle Ages, men of the
  wealthy classes sported hose and a jacket, often
  with pleating or skirting, or a tunic with a
  surcoat. Women wore flowing gowns and elaborate
  headwear, ranging from headdresses shaped like
  hearts or butterflies to tall steeple caps and
  Italian turbans.

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Life on the Manor

• People did not trade do to the warfare, so the
  manor produced food for the serfs and the lords
  family. The manor used crop rotation so as not to
  destroy the soil.Life was hard for a peasant-
  many did not live past the age of 40. The house
  of a serf was a one room house, dirt floors, no
  chimney, few pieces of furniture. They ate course
  bread, few vegtables, grain for porridge, meat
  was rare. Peasants did not work on Sunday and
  holy days. For fun they had dancing, singing,
  wrestling, archery.

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Role of the Church

• Church increases its power during the medieval
  era. Pope Gregory I (590-604) functions as
  religious and political leader for the lands of
  former Roman Empire. Missionaries work to convert
  Germanic barbarians to Christianity. Monasteries
  established throughout Italy, Frankish kingdom,
  Ireland, Scotland, England. Church plays a key
  role in keeping alive classical knowledge, e.g.,
  translation of Plato and Aristotle into Latin.

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Medieval Church

• The church was the center of the life for the
  people It taught that all were sinners and were
  dependent on God for Grace for salvation. The
  Church believed that the only way to receive
  forgiveness was to take the sacraments holy
  communion. The church service was done in latin
  and few could understand it or read it so people
  learned little except thru pictures and statues.

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Church Leaders

• The Pope and his bishops were the highest
  authority in the church and in the land. The Pope
  and bishops were called the secular clergy and
  the regula(regular) clergy were nuns and monks
  who lived apart from society.

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Monks and the missionaries

• Bendict was a roman who created a monastary in
  Italy . He drew up rules meditation and prayer.
  He described the life of a monk as poverty,
  chasity, obedience. Women were not left out the
  women were under a abbess. These women became
  known as nuns, they lived lives of prayer and did
  activities of spinning, weaving, sewing, and
  taught medical use to daughters of the nobility.

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Becoming A Monk

• To become a monk you had to first become an
  oblate (unless you were old enough to become a
  novice). to become an oblate, you had to be given
  to the monastery by your father. Then, if you
  were old enough, you could take your first vows
  and become a novice. Then , after several years,
  if the abbot(head of the monastety) agrees, you
  can take your final vows and become a monk.

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Life In The Monastery

• Life in the monastery was very strict. They
  followed "rules" that were timetables and rules.
  The monks had to give everything but a begging
  bowl away. It was a very busy place. They had lay
  brothers and servants to do heavy work for them
  because they spent most of the time in prayer.

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In The Dining Room

• The monks did not talk in the dining room.
  instead, they made signals to each other. They
  were allowed only one meal a day in the
  wintertime and two in the summertime. There were
  two separate dining rooms. the monks did not eat
  meat except if they were ill and on certain days.

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In The Chapter House

• The chapter house is where monks can ask each
  other's pardon for anything they have done wrong.
  They can also accuse each other of bad behavior
  if they have good cause. It is called the chapter
  house because a chapter from the rule that the
  monastery follows is read before they begin.

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In The Scriptorium

• The scriptorium was where books and manuscripts
  were written and illustrated. The monks would
  decorate them with beautiful paints and gold
  leaf. The monks that decorated them were called
  illuminators. You had to be very skilled to be an
  illuminator. The books were written on parchment
  that was made out of the skin of young animals.

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Role of the Monastery

• They perserved manuscripts by copying them over
  in illuminated manuscripts. They also had schools
  for youth, hospitals, gave out food for hungry,
  taught carpentry, made improvements in
  agriculture, became missionaries

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Church reformed

• 1059 a.d. the way the Pope was choosen was
  changed. The cardinals would chose the Pope and
  they gave the Pope the power to appoint Bishops
  not secular leaders. Pope Innocent III attacked
  Heresy- denying church teaching. Friars were
  introduced they were wondering preachers. A
  group of well known friars were the Franciscans
  founded by Francis of Assisi.

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Monarchs on the rise

• England the first King of the anglo-saxons was
  Alfred the Great and created one kingdom
  Angleland England. Another King of England came
  from France name William of Normandy William the
  conqueror in 1066 a.d. His successors were Henry
  I and Henry II- Henry II set up the court system
  trial by jury was developed. John son Henry II
  was forced to sign Magna Carta limiting his
  power. Edward called Parliament into being it was
  a assembly of representatives of the people.

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• France- In 987 a.d. Hugh Capet took control of
  land north of Paris, but the capetian Dynasty
  took control by 1100s of all of France. The Next
  powerful king was Phillip Augustus 1180 to 1223
  he expanded his empire thru marriage. His
  grandson Louis IX was next he made royalcourts
  like Englands

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