Wars of Louis XIV: The Peace of Utrecht, 1713

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Section 4.22

• Wars of Louis XIV The Peace of Utrecht, 1713

The Crossing of the Rhine by the Army of Louis
XIV, 16721699PARROCEL, Joseph
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Questions to Consider

• Describe Louis XIVs foreign policy in the years
  prior to the War of Spanish Succession. Of what
  significance were the chambres de reunion in
  Alsace and Lorraine?
• What features of the War of Spanish Succession
  made it distinctive? Why was the war fought?
• Summarize the main developments of the war. What
  motives prompted each state to continue to fight?
• What were the major provisions of the Treaty of
  Utrecht? On what basis were differences between
  the great powers settled?

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Terms to Know

• War of Devolution
• Dutch War
• Treaty of Nimwegen
• Chambres de reunion
• War of the League of Augsburg
• Peace of Ryswick
• Charles II of Spain
• The Pyrenees exist no longer
• William III

• John Churchhill, Duke of Marlborough
• Philip V of Spain
• Grand Alliance of 1701
• Prince Eugene of Savoy
• Treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt
• Asiento
• Dutch Barrier

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Introduction Before 1700

• France surrounded by Span
• Spain weakened state
• 1667 Louis XIV invades the Spanish Netherlands
• Blocked by the Triple Alliance of Dutch, English
  and Swedish interests
• 1672 Louis XIV invades the Spanish Netherlands
  again
• Alliance with Charles II of England keeps British
  at bay
• William of Orange formed an alliance with
  Habsburgs (Spanish and Austrian) blocks France
• Treaty of Nimwegen 1678 France takes the
  Franche-Comte

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Introduction Before 1700

• 1679 Louis XIV invades Alsace and Lorraine
• Leopold I of Austria is engaged with Turks that
  are supported by the French
• In 1683 they had moved up the Danube and laid
  siege to Vienna
• Western boarder of the HRE is eroding

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League of Augsburg (1686)

• developed to respond to French threat
• HRE, Spain, Sweden, Dutch and England
• Huguenots, Catholics, Lutherans, aligned with
  each other against France
• Revocation of Edict offended protestants
• 1688 War of the League of Augsburg (Glorious
  Revolution)
• Louis XIV has a fight on several fronts and leans
  on the nobility for taxes
• 1697 Peace of Ryswick leaves matters along
  original lines

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The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) AKA
Queen Annes War

• A Modern, formal war against states not against
  civilians
• Religion counts for very little in the conflict
• English are becoming noteworthy political force
• First world war events on several continents
  are involved

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The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) AKA
Queen Annes War

• Charles II of Spain is without an heir
• Louis XIV is married to Charles II of Spains
  sister
• Leopold I married Charles II of Spain s sister
• Each could put a young family member on the
  throne
• Groups explored the idea of dividing French
  holdings to maintain the balance of power
  (Austria and France)
• 1700 Charles II of Spain died and left everything
  to the grandson (17 yrs. Old) of Louis XIV (not a
  capable leader)
• French influence would run from Belgium to
  Gibraltar
• the Pyrenees exist no longer
• great threat to political balance

Philip V
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The Grand Alliance

• William III organizes the Grand Alliance of
  1701
• War aims
• England support Dutch, keep Stuarts off throne of
  England, keep France out of Spanish American
  trade
• Holland keep France out of Belgium and keep
  Scheldt closed, France out of Spanish American
  trade
• Austria put Habsburg back on Spains throne and
  crush Bavaria
• Brandenburg, Italian duchy of Savoy
  opportunists
• Portugal, interests in Spanish territory

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The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714)

• Partitioned the world of Spain
• Britains Queen Anne raised 12 commoners to
  peerage so to give a Tory majority (the party in
  favor of signing a peace treaty)
• Britain gets Gibraltar and Minorca
• Savoy gets Sardinia
• Austrian Habsburgs get Milan, Naples, Sicily, and
  Spanish (now Austrian) Netherlands
• Grandson of Louis XIV was crowned Philip V of
  Spain
• keeps new world territories
• Crowns of France and Spain can never be united
• Absolutism comes to Spain (lasted until 1931)
• New World markets are available to French goods
• Domination by France is prevented

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Consequences of the war

• France is weakened
• depopulation
• famine
• Peasant uprisings are brutally put down
• taxes
• Aristocratic and parliamentary opposition begin
  again
• Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay
  territory are British
• Retain Alsace and the Franch-Comte
• Influence is strong in Spain

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Consequences of the war

• Dutch are strengthened against France
• Dutch Barrier- a string of forts and garrisons
  in Belgium are granted
• Never play a prominent role in European political
  affairs
• Rulers of Brandenburg and Savoy are elevated to
  title of King

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Consequences of the war

• British
• Major presence in the Mediterranean (Gibraltar
  and Minorca)
• asiento opens the Spanish New World up to British
  trade (slaves and smuggling)
• right to supply Spanish America with African
  slaves (very lucrative)
• Assure Protestant monarchy
• Louis ceases to recognize the Stuart pretender as
  king

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Consequences of the war

• Confirmation of the European system
• Powers accepted each other as members of the
  system
• Recognized each other as sovereign states
• free to negotiate, make war, and treaties
• adjusted balance of power through exchange of
  territories (third party territories?)
• Leaves France and England as the two major powers
  to export Europe to the world