Western Civilization II HIS-102

1
Western Civilization IIHIS-102

• UNIT 3 - Absolutism and Empire, 1660-1789

2
Absolutism

• Effects of political and social upheaval of
  1540-1660
• Desire for peace and security
• Absolutism
• Form of government in which one body controls the
  right to make war, tax, judge, and coin money
• Ultimate authority rested in the hands of the
  monarch
• Monarchs ruled by divine right
• Monarchs answered to no one
• Absolute monarchs demanded full control over
• States armed forces
• Legal system
• Financial resources

3
Absolutism

• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• Leviathan (1651) stated it was the nature of man
  to be at war with each other
• A strong government was necessary to keep the
  order
• Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)
• He strongly believed in the divine rule of kings
• Absolute authority of kings
• Kings limited by the law of God
• Ways to solidify power
• Weaken the power of the nobility and the church
• Create an efficient, central bureaucracy

4
Absolutism

• Ways to handle nobility
• Pit the middle class against the nobility
• Modus vivendi convince the nobles that their own
  interests are tied to the crowns
• Ways to handle clergy
• Protestant countries Church already subordinate
  to the state
• Catholic countries Focus their authority over
  the church
• Mercantilism
• Country must accumulate bullion to be prosperous
• Pushed for a state controlled economy
• Also pushed for the creation of colonies
• Main economic theory until 1776

5

• Louis XIV
• (1643-1716)

6
Louis XIV (1643-1716)

• Louis came of age in 1651
• Fronde died down
• Impacted Louis perception of nobility
• Mazarin died in 1661
• Louis named himself first minister
• Securing absolute power
• Divine right of kings
• Modus Vivendi with nobility
• Versailles
• 66.6 million livres for the château
• 91.7 million livres in operation costs

7

• Palace at Versailles

8
Louis XIV (1643-1716)

• In 1661, France was on the verge of bankruptcy
• Involvement in numerous war
• Hired Jean Baptist Colbert as finance minister
• Rework the countrys finances
• Louis could afford to maintain the extravagances
• Colbert was effective
• He was a mercantilist
• Focused on improving domestic goods
• Fixed problems with tax farming (25 to 80)
• Raised taxes to bring in additional income

9

• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Chief Financial Minister (1664 to 1683)

10
Louis XIV (1643-1716)

• Religion what was good for him was good for
  France
• Forced Catholicism to be only religion
• Huguenots were pressured to convert
• Louis first offered bribes
• Then hired dragonnades to torment them
• Passed decrees to make their lives difficult
• Edict of Fontainebleau (October 22, 1685)
• Revoked the Edict of Nantes
• Protestantism now illegal in France
• Over 200,000 Huguenots were forced to flee

11

• Dragonnades terrorizing French Protestants

12
Wars of Louis XIV

• Louis had two objectives throughout his reign
• Diminish the power of the Habsburgs
• Promote royal interests
• Louis wanted both internal success and
  international glory
• He wanted to show how powerful he was to the rest
  of Europe
• From 1661 to 1715, France almost constantly at
  war
• The War of Devolution (1667-68)
• Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)
• War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)
• War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

13

• Maria Theresa
• Queen of France

14
The War of Devolution (1667-68)

• In 1665, King Philip IV of Spain died
• He was succeeded by his son, Charles II
• Part of his inheritance was Brabant
• Louis argued that Charles II could not inherit
  this province
• Local law prevented it
• It should devolve to the first wifes daughter
  Maria Theresa
• Charles refused
• Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands in 1667
• Spain was weak and ill-equipped
• French troops dominated in the beginning
• The United Netherlands did not like this

15
The War of Devolution (1667-68)

• Triple Alliance (1668)
• Between Netherlands, England, and Sweden
• None were comfortable with Louis controlling the
  Spanish Netherlands
• Louis did not have the troops to face the Triple
  Alliance
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (May 2, 1668)
• The Spanish Netherlands returned to Spain
• France got very little territory
• Louis felt betrayed by the Dutch
• The French had helped the Dutch gain independence
• He believed the Dutch should have shown him some
  loyalty

16

• William III
• Prince of Orange
• (1650-1702)

17
Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)

• Treaty of Dover (1670)
• England would help France get the Spanish
  Netherlands
• France would help bring back Catholicism
• In 1672, Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands
• England provided naval support
• He quickly overtook three of the seven Dutch
  provinces
• Dutch led by William III of Orange
• Pushed the French out by 1673
• Treaty of Nijmegen (August 10, 1678)
• Negotiated due to financial strain
• France received Franche-Comté and a few cities
• William of Orange becomes the leader of
  resistance against Louis

18

• Emperor Leopold I
• (1658-1705)

19
War of the League of Augsburg

• In 1680s, Louis turned his attention to Germany
• Wanted to exert his influence over the states in
  the Rhine
• League of Augsburg (1686)
• Organized by Emperor Leopold I
• Designed to protect the Rhine against an invasion
  by Louis
• Included a number of German states as well as
  Sweden and Spain
• Two well matched armies
• France had had the most powerful army in Europe
  and his navy was far superior than the Dutch and
  English navies combined
• Leopold had been successfully defeating the Turks
  in Austria

20
War of the League of Augsburg

• In September 1688, Louis sent troops into the
  Rhine
• William became king of England in January 1689
• He joined the League
• The war spread throughout the world
• Most was fought on continental Europe
• In the Americas it was known as King Williams
  War
• It was mostly a war of attrition
• Treaty of Ryswick (September 20, 1697)
• France was able to keep some territory, including
  Alsace
• All territory seized in the Rhine went back to
  pre-war borders
• France had to recognize William as the legitimate
  king of England

21

• Charles II of Spain
• (1665-1700)

22

• Lineage of Charles II of Spain

23

• Habsburg Family Lineage

24
The Problem of Spanish Succession

• Controversy over Spanish throne in 1690s
• Charles II had no direct heir to the throne
• The next person in line was Louis son, Louis le
  grand dauphin
• Third in line was the Habsburg Emperor Leopold I
• Negotiations began to protect the balance of
  power
• First Partition Treaty(1698)
• In 1698, the First Partition Treaty was signed
• Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria designated as heir to
  the throne
• Charles agreed to this
• Joseph Ferdinand died in 1699 of smallpox

25
The Problem of Spanish Succession

• Second Partition Treaty (1700)
• Throne would go to Leopolds second son, Archduke
  Charles of Austria
• Part of this agreement included having Italy go
  to France
• Charles did not like it as it meant dividing
  Spanish territory
• Charles died on November 1, 1700
• In his will, Charles selected Philip of Anjou as
  his heir
• Philip was grandson of Louis XIV
• He would have to renounce all claims to the
  French throne
• He also had to keep the Spanish empire in tact
• Philip took the throne as Philip V

26
War of the Spanish Succession

• Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands in 1701
• Most of Europe participated in the war
• On one side was Spain and France
• On the other was Leopold, England, the Dutch, and
  Austria
• The war was fought mainly in the Low Countries
  and Germany
• Casualties were high on both sides (400,000 were
  killed)
• Also fought in the Americas as Queen Annes War
• From the beginning, France was losing most of the
  battles
• In 1708, Louis was on the verge of defeat
• Began negotiations with other side

27
War of the Spanish Succession

• Alliance wanted Louis to use French troops to
  oust Philip
• He refused
• On April 17, 1711, Emperor Joseph I died
• This was Archduke Charles older brother
• Charles was now the Holy Roman Emperor (Charles
  VI)
• The balance of power was once again threatened
• If the alliance won, Charles would have both the
  Empire and Spain
• Each of the members began negotiating separate
  treaties
• They were collectively known as the Peace at
  Utrecht

28
Peace at Utrecht (1713)

• It set down the following
• Philip V would remain King of Spain and all its
  colonies
• Philip renounced any claims to the French throne
  for him or any of his descendants
• Charles VI received the Spanish Netherlands and
  Naples
• France would give England
• Hudson Bay Company in North America
• Caribbean island of St. Kitts
• England would receive the right from Spain to
  transport and sell slaves from Africa to Spanish
  America
• This made them the principle slave traders in the
  Americas

29
End of Louis XIVs Reign

• Aftermath of the Treaty of Utrecht
• Frances power was diminished from the war
• England emerged as the premiere naval power in
  Europe
• Two main powers France and England
• The Netherlands began their decline
• Spain was weakened even further by the war
• Louis XIV died on September 1, 1715 of gangrene
• He outlived
• His son Le Grand Dauphin (d. 1711)
• Two grandsons and two great-grandsons
• Louis of Anjou was heir to the throne
• He was Louis XIV five-year-old grandson

30

• Brandenburg-Prussia

31
Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia

• Peace of Westphalia left a power vacuum in the
  HRE
• Brandenburg-Prussia will fill that void
• Brandenburg-Prussia included
• The Duchy of East Prussia
• The Margraviate of Brandenburg
• The rulers came from the Hohenzollern family
• Territories did not connect
• Land was controlled by Sweden or Poland
• This included Danzig
• During the , Prussia acquires all this territory
• It becomes one of the most powerful countries in
  central Europe

32

• Great Elector Frederick William I
• (1640-1688)

33
Great Elector Frederick William I

• In 1640, Frederick William ascended to
• Duke of Prussia
• Elector of Brandenburg
• Both territories were in bad shape from the
  Thirty Years War
• He had three goals
• Build up the agriculture and commerce
• Build up his army to protect the country
• Recapture territories lost during the Thirty
  Years War
• To do this, he had to centralize the government
• The nobility (Junkers) were going to be his
  biggest threat
• They still claimed special rights and privileges
• Included controlling their own finances,
  administrations, judicial systems, armies, and
  foreign affairs

34
Great Elector Frederick William I

• Frederick William made his own modus vivendi
• They gave up their political power in their
  provincial Estates-General
• The Junkers would not have to pay taxes and have
  almost complete control over their peasants
• Restructured the military
• Prussia became a formidable military power
• Attempts at expansion
• Wars against Sweden and France
• He was unsuccessful
• Did give the army valuable experience

35

• Great Elector Frederick III
• (1688-1713)

36
Great Elector Frederick III

• Frederick was not physically strong
• He had been frail in health and was said to be
  physically deformed
• He was not concerned with running the government
• Put power in the hands of his ministers
• Spent most of his time trying to imitate the
  court of Louis XIV
• One of his main desires was to get the title of
  king
• However, this could not be accomplished legally
• Brandenburg was inside the Holy Roman Empire
• Prussia was technically part of Poland
• Frederick was going to do whatever was necessary
  to get that title

37
Great Elector Frederick III

• Frederick found that opportunity during the War
  of Spanish Succession
• Emperor Leopold I wanted the help of the Prussian
  army
• Frederick argued that he could be king as Prussia
  was never part of the HRE
• As part of their compromise, Frederick received
  the title of King in Prussia
• This title was used until 1772
• Great Northern War (1700-1721)
• Joined forces with Russia against Sweden
• Acquired western Pomerania

38

• King Frederick William I
• (1713-1740)

39
King Frederick William I (1713-1740)

• Frederick William was also known as the Potsdam
  Fürher
• I am going to place Prussian sovereignty on a
  rock of bronze
• He was an absolute monarch
• Believed in divine right but said salvation
  belongs to the Lord and everything else is my
  affair
• Wanted Prussian independence from foreign
  subsidies
• Needed to make himself along with the country
  economical
• Reformed the household accounts
• Fired all the court lackeys and pages
• Sold the crown jewels to pay off the countrys
  debts
• Gave his wife Sophia Dorothea a very small
  allowance for her and their 14 children for
  living expenses

40
King Frederick William I (1713-1740)

• He developed commerce and industry
• Placed on tariffs on foreign goods
• Prohibited the exportation of raw materials
• Created new industries to make Prussia more
  independent
• He further centralized the government
• Created the General Directory, the central
  authority of all his territories
• All territories were subordinate to the Directory
• He was very strict with his underlings
• What was good for him was good for everybody else
• Officials were fined if not in their offices by
  5am
• Would dock six months salary if missed an
  important meeting

41
King Frederick William I (1713-1740)

• Devoted to building up his army
• Started with only 38,000 paid for mostly with
  foreign subsidies
• End of his reign, it was 83,000 and he had a huge
  war chest
• By 1740, Prussia was the third biggest military
  power behind Russia and France
• Frederick William did promote good health
• Every year, his army was lined up and bled for
  good health
• He was in front of that line each time
• The Potsdam Giants
• This was his elite regiment and they could do no
  wrong
• Had to be a least six feet tall to join
• Many kings gave him gifts of tall men to get on
  his good side

42

• Maria Theresa of Austria
• (1740-1780)

43
Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

• Austria had a slightly modified version of
  absolutism
• It occurred during the reign of Maria Theresa
• She was the first female heir in the entire
  Habsburg line
• Because Austria followed Salic Law, her father
  Charles VI needed to guarantee her succession
• Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
• Issued by Emperor Charles VI
• Guaranteed her the right for Maria Theresa to
  inherit the Austrian throne and all of Charles
  lands
• Most of the European countries accepted this

44
Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

• In 1740, Charles died
• Maria succeeded to the throne
• Not everyone accepted her as monarch
• Included France, Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony
• War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
• Began when Prussia invaded Silesia
• Most of the major players of Europe were involved
• One side was France and Prussia
• The other Austria, Great Britain, and the United
  Netherlands
• Fought in the colonies as King Georges War
• Neither side had a clear advantage

45
Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
• Prussia made out best, receiving Silesia from
  Austria
• Austria also lost a number of duchies in Italy to
  Spain
• France was forced to give up territory in the
  Netherlands but did get back Cape Breton Island
• Britain gave France back the fort of Louisbourg
  in Nova Scotia
• Maria Theresa centralized the government
• She combined Austria and Bohemia into one
  administration
• New departments were set up to administer both
  the territories that answered directly to the
  monarchy
• A supreme court was set up to handle all the
  judicial issues

46
Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

• She attempted to strengthen the economy
• Only the monarch had the ability to collect taxes
• Clergy and nobility now had to pay property and
  income taxes
• She set up strict tariffs on all imports
• She also set about reorganizing the military
• The army was increased twofold
• She set up the Theresian Military Academy in 1751
• She was not willing to make any radical reforms
• She was staunchly Catholic and very conservative
• When her husband died in 1765, she named her son
  Joseph as her co-ruler

47

• Peter I
• (1689-1725)

48
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• Russia needed a warm water port
• Baltic was controlled by Sweden
• Black Sea was controlled by the Ottoman Turks
• Peter decided to go against the Turks
• Attempted to take Fort Azov in the summer of 1695
• That failed horribly
• Over that winter, he built up a navy
• By June 1696, he was able to take Azov with 30
  ships
• He still could not gain full access to the Black
  Sea without a full navy
• Russias first navy was put into motion in
  October 1696

49
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• Great Embassy (1697)
• Peter wanted help from Europe to defeat the Turks
• Traveled throughout Europe as a member of the
  Embassy, not tsar
• Hoped to get a better view into the customs and
  traditions of western Europe
• The Embassy failed at securing any aid
• He learned a lot about ship building and running
  a navy from both the Dutch and English
• In June 1698, the Streltsy revolted
• They wanted to place Sophia back into power
• Peter had to return to Russia

50
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• The revolt had been put down by the time Peter
  returned
• However, he was not satisfied with the results
• Only 57 had been executed and the rest ordered
  into exile
• Peter ordered that entire Streltsy be destroyed
• From September 1698 to February of 1699, roughly
  1,200 Streltsy were executed
• Most of those bodies were left either gibbeted
  outside the Kremlin or unburied where they were
  executed
• An additional 600 were tortured and exiled
• Even the families of the Streltsy were forced out
  of Moscow
• Now Peter could focus on modernizing Russia

51
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• He continued to reorganize the military
• Peasants were conscripted for 25-year terms
• Goal a standing army of over 200,000 men
• Improved on the navy
• He made a few governmental reforms
• Centralized the government
• Replaced the Duma with ten Departments of State
• Set up new provinces and governors and councils
  to run them
• Nobility and non-nobility were able to hold
  positions in the government and gain rank through
  achievement

52
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• He made numerous economic reforms based on
  mercantilism
• He had new industries created and expanded old
  ones
• Collect raw materials from untouched sources
  inside of Russia
• He would conscript peasants to work in factories
  to help boost commerce
• His changes did end feudalism in some areas
• In tsar-owned areas, the peasants were considered
  state peasants and owned by the tsar
• He made educational reforms
• He built elementary, military, and vocational
  schools
• He also simplified the Russian alphabet by
  removing eight letters and changing the forms of
  others

53
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• Peters biggest impact was his cultural reforms
• He forced Russian men to shave their beards
• He had tailors design clothes that looked more
  European
• Those to refused to wear short sleeves would have
  their sleeves cut
• He taught people western dancing
• He adopted the Julian calendar
• Peter turned his attention back to his warm water
  port
• He knew it would be hard to keep control of Azov
• He turned his attentions back to the Baltic Sea
• The region was under the control of Charles XII
  of Sweden

54
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• Great Northern War (1700-1721)
• Between Russia and Sweden
• Russia captured the Gulf of Finland in 1703
• Set up the city of St. Petersburg as a new
  capital city
• In 1708, Charles invaded Russia to capture Moscow
• Scorched earth policy
• When winter set in, Charles army took a hard hit
• Peace of Nystadt (1721) gave Russia warm weather
  ports on the Baltic Sea
• Peter was now a major player in Europe
• It came at a huge cost

55
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• Many in Russia were not happy
• Taxes were increased over 500 during his reign
• Nobility upset they had to work for their
  positions and rank
• Even his son, Alexei, fled Russia in 1716
• Supposedly wanted to be a monk instead of tsar
• When Alexei returned to Russia he was tortured
  and sentenced to death
• In 1725, Peter named his wife, Catherine, to be
  co-ruler and heir to the throne
• He believed that Salic Law was outdated
• Peter died on January 28, 1725
• He developed gangrene in his bladder

56

• Charles II
• (1660-1685)

57
Charles II (1660-1685)

• Not all countries embraced absolutism
• United Provinces of the Netherlands remained a
  republic
• England kept a mixed monarchy
• In 1660, Charles II assumed the throne of England
• He had to do so under certain conditions
• He was raised a Catholic but he was required to
  rule as a Protestant king
• He was required to accept a constitutional
  monarchy
• He agreed to observe both the Magna Carta (1215)
  and the Petition of Right (1628)

58
Charles II (1660-1685)

• With his ascension, the entire mood of England
  changed
• Many members of court were glad to see the end of
  Puritan control
• His court became the center for sexuality with
  risqué behavior, dancing, and theater
• Thus he earned the nickname the Merrie Monarch
• One of the first things he did was to try those
  who had been responsible for his fathers
  execution
• Those who were alive were tried and executed
• Oliver Cromwells body was dug up, drawn and
  quartered, and his head put on the end of a pike
  in front of Westminster Abbey until 1685
• His head was not buried until 1960

59

• The mummified head of Oliver Cromwell

60
Domestic Policies

• There was still some tension between the king and
  Parliament
• Cavalier Parliament (1661-1679)
• It was heavily royalist but wanted to limit the
  power of the king
• The focus of this parliament was religion
• Specifically they wanted to limit the threat of
  the non-conformist (radical Protestant) groups
• Lord Chancellor, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon,
  put together a series of religious laws known as
  the Clarendon Codes
• They made it difficult for non-conformists to
  meet and worship

61
Domestic Policies

• Then, in 1665 to 1666, London was hit with two
  major disasters
• The Great Plague of London (July 1665-September
  1666)
• It killed between 75,000 and 100,000 people which
  was 1/5 of Londons population
• At one point 7,000 were dying a week
• The Great Fire of London (September 2-5, 1666)
• It destroyed the homes of 70,000 of Londons
  80,000 inhabitants
• It did, however, have the benefit of ending the
  plague

62

• Great Fire of London (September 2-5, 1666)

63
Charles Foreign Policy

• Charles foreign policy began to negatively
  impact his relationship with Parliament
• England became involved in two wars with the
  Dutch
• Both were attempts to end the Dutch domination
  of world trade, especially in the New World
• In one instance, the Dutch fleet was able to sail
  up the Thames River and destroy most of the
  English fleet
• In the end, England lost both wars
• In 1668, England joined the Triple Alliance
  against Louis XIV in the War of Devolution
• England was pressured into it by the Dutch
• Even though Louis conceded, it was not a popular
  war with Parliament

64
Charles Foreign Policy

• Treaty of Dover (1670)
• England would help France conquer the Spanish
  Netherlands
• France would provide 6,000 troops and 200,000 to
  help bring back Catholicism to England
• Louis did not trust Charles desire to convert
  England
• He was more interested in the military benefits
  that England could provide
• Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674)
• This was part of the Franco-Dutch War
• After a series of failures, Parliament forced the
  king to negotiate a peace with the Dutch in 1674

65
Charles Clash With Parliament

• Parliament was afraid that Charles would do two
  things
• Change his policies to favor Catholicism
• Become a more absolutist style of monarch
• In 1669, a rumor spread that Charles wanted to
  openly convert to Catholicism
• Part of this included bringing Catholicism back
  to England
• However, there is no proof that Charles planned
  on officially converting before 1685
• Royal Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
• It suspended the restrictions on the recusants
• It also removed the criminal laws against being a
  recusant
• Parliament forced Charles to withdraw it

66
Charles Clash With Parliament

• Parliament felt threatened by Charles actions
• Test Acts of 1673 and 1678
• Designed to keep England moderate Anglican
• Aimed at Catholics (only 2 of the total
  population)
• All public officials were required to denounce
  transubstantiation and take oaths of allegiance
  and supremacy
• They were also to receive communion in the
  Anglican church within three months of their
  appointment
• Another issue was the line of succession
• Charles wife was unable to give birth to an heir
• Her pregnancies ended in either miscarriage or
  stillbirth
• Charles had 14 illegitimate children through his
  mistresses

67

• Catherine of Braganza
• Queen Consort
• (1662-1685)

68
Problems with Succession

• Next was Charles brother, James Duke of York
• He had openly converted to Catholicism in 1668
• This made him unpopular as the next in line
• Exclusion Bills (1679-1681)
• Parliaments attempted to ban James from
  succession
• Charles dissolved each Parliament to prevent its
  passage
• Parliament split into two parties
• Whig Favored exclusion
• Tory Supported James in line for the throne
• On February 6, 1685 Charles died of renal failure
• On his deathbed, he converted to Catholicism

69

• James II
• (1685-1688)

70
James II (1685-1688)

• When James ascended to the throne in 1685, he had
  two very distinct aims
• Make himself the absolute monarch of England
• Reestablish the Catholic Church in England
• Monmouths Rebellion (1685)
• Some Protestants began rallying around James Duke
  of Monmouth
• He was one of Charles illegitimate sons
• The rebellion was quickly and violently put down
• Monmouth was executed in elaborate fashion
• James used this opportunity to raise a large army
• Included placing Catholics in high military
  positions

71
James II (1685-1688)

• Parliament visibly opposed this move
• James suspended Parliament in November 1685
• He never called it again for the remainder of his
  reign
• In 1686, James replaced many members of the Court
  of Kings Bench
• Their rulings allowed the king to excuse certain
  people from the oath required in the Test Acts
• Now Catholics could hold positions in government,
  including high offices and positions in the
  Anglican Church
• Also that year, a papal nuncio was appointed to
  England
• This was the first one since the reign of Queen
  Mary

72
James II (1685-1688)

• On April 4, 1687, James issued the Declaration of
  Indulgence
• It suspended all punishments for recusants
• People were now permitted to worship any religion
  other than Church of England
• It eliminated the religious oaths for public
  officials
• It essentially negated the Test Acts
• Why did the people of England not revolt against
  James?
• He was old
• The two children by his first wife, Mary and
  Anne, had been raised Protestant
• His second wife, Mary of Modena, had not produced
  any children

73
James II (1685-1688)

• Protestants had already contacted William III of
  Orange
• He was married to Princess Mary, the heir
  presumptive
• William and Mary were to take the throne when
  James died
• On June 10, 1688 Queen Mary gave birth to a son
• There was now a male heir who was to be raised
  Catholic
• On June 30, nobles contacted William and Mary
• They promised him military aid if they were to
  come to England to depose of James
• James heard about this but was not concerned
• He believed his army was powerful enough army to
  repel such an invasion
• He did not to anything additional to prevent it

74

• Mary of Modena
• Queen Consort
• (1685-1688)

75
The Glorious Revolution

• On November 5, 1688, William arrived in England
• Protestant winds prevented the English navy
  from attacking the landing party
• He had between 18,000-21,000 man army
• When he landed he was greeting with popular
  support
• James fled to France (December 23)
• William allowed James to escape
• No blood was shed in England
• There were, however, battles fought in Ireland
  and Scotland
• Parliament now got its limited monarchy

76
The Glorious Revolution

• Convention Parliament confirmed the succession of
  Mary and William to the throne
• Declaration of Right (February 13, 1689)
• It stated that James, by the assistance of
  diverse evil counselors, judges, and ministers
  employed by him, did endeavor to subvert and
  extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws
  and liberties of this kingdom
• William and Mary were the legitimate monarchs as
  James vacated the throne
• Stipulated that if any member of the royal house
  converts or marries a Catholic, they will be
  excluded from inheriting the throne
• Both had to agree to the terms of the Declaration
  if they were to take the throne

77
The Glorious Revolution

• Bill of Rights (1689)
• Parliaments approval was required for keeping a
  standing army and raising taxes
• Free elections of Parliamentary members without
  interference from the monarchy
• Guaranteed freedom of speech inside Parliament
• Protected the Protestants from another Catholic
  monarch
• All monarchs must swear an oath on coronation day
  to uphold the Protestant religion
• Confirmed succession through Marys line, not her
  fathers
• If Mary did not have any children, the throne
  would be passed on to her Protestant sister, Anne