The Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System

• The framework that holds us up.

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Who won the skeleton beauty contest?
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No body!!!
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What do skeletons say before they begin dining?
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Bone appetit !!
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What is the skeletal system? The skeletal system
is the name that is given to the collection of
about 206 bones, joints, ligaments and cartilage
that make up our skeletons.
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The skeletal system has many important functions.

• It protects the body's vital organs such as the
  brain, the heart and the lungs.
• It gives our bodies shape and support.
• It allows us to move.
• It stores minerals such as calcium and
  phosphorus, and fat.
• It produces blood cells.

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When does a skeleton laugh?
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When something tickles his funny bone !!
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Why didnt the skeleton dance at the Halloween
party?
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It had no body to dance with !!
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Bones cannot stay in place all by themselves.
They need help from ligaments, tendons, skeletal
muscle and cartilage. Ligaments are fibrous
tissue that join one bone to another across a
joint. They help keep the bones of the joint in
place, and without them, the joints would become
dislocated very easily.
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Tendons, also made of fibrous tissue, anchors
skeletal muscle to bones. An example is the
Achilles tendon which can be felt at the back of
the ankle. Once attached, skeletal muscle moves
the bones around the joint by contracting and
relaxing. Cartilage is a tough substance which
covers the end of two bones meeting at a joint.
It is smooth, slippery and flexible, which helps
the joint move more freely and smoothly.
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Joints are the places where two bones meet. There
are many different types of joints, some are
movable and some are not. For example, the bones
of the skull are held together by joints which
cannot move. Most joints are freely movable, and
are called synovial joints. Covering the ends of
the two bones making up the joint is a layer
called the synovial membrane. This membrane
secretes a lubricating substance called synovial
fluid, which helps the joints move and rotate
more easily. There are six types of
synovial joints
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Pivot - A ring of bone rotating around another
bone. For example, the neck. Ball-and-Socket -
Allows movement in all directions. For example,
the shoulder joint. Hinge - Allows the joint to
bend and straighten, but does not rotate. For
example, the elbow joint
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Ellipsoid - A less flexible version of the
ball-and-socket joint. For example, the wrist
joint. Saddle - Fit together to allow all
movements except rotation. For example, the thumb
joint. Gliding - Two generally flat surfaces
gliding over each other. For example, the joints
between the tarsals of the foot.
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What type of art do skeletons like?
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Skull tures !!
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What did the skeleton say when his brother told a
lie?
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You cant fool me, I can see right through you !!
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Bones are living, changing things that need the
proper nutrients and exercise to grow and stay
strong. Bones are composed of about 35 organic
tissue (things such as cells, fibers, blood
vessels and nerves) and 65 mineral (mostly
calcium).
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There are five different classifications of bone
Long - For example, the femur of the leg.
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Short - Bones that are roughly cube-shaped. For
example, the carpals of the hand.
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Flat - Bones that are generally more flat than
round. For example, the cranial bones and the
ribs.
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Irregular -Bones that have no defined shape. For
example, the scapula and the vertebrae.
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Sesamoid - Bones which often have cartilage and
fibrous tissue mixed in. These bones are found in
the joints, and help to lower friction and
enhance joint movement. For example, the patella
(kneecap).
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What is inside of a bone? Red Marrow - A red,
jelly-like substance which contains blood cells,
and is usually found only in the sternum,
vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles and cranial
bones. Yellow Marrow - A fatty yellow substance
which replaces red marrow in long bones in
adults, and does not produce blood cells.
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What did the skeleton sing while riding his
Harley Davidson motorcycle?
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Bone to be Wild !!
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Who was the most famous French skeleton?
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Napoleon Bone-apart !!
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The skull is made up of two types of bones -
cranial bones and facial bones. The cranial bones
are a series of smaller flat bones that are
tightly fitted and fused together at immovable
(non-moving) joints, and together make up the
cranium. The cranium has a very special purpose -
to house and protect the brain.
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The 14 facial bones of the skull determines what
our faces look like. Some people may have a
stronger jaw than others (this bone is called the
mandible) or have higher cheekbones (called the
zygomatic). Your teeth are also bones, and they
function to break up pieces of food as we eat so
that it's easier to swallow and digest our food.
The tips of our nose and ears are not bone, and
are made of flexible cartilage.
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Our chest, also called the thorax, is a bony cage
that surrounds and protects the vital organs in
our body such as the heart and lungs. It is made
up of 12 pairs of ribs, the top 10 of which are
connected at the front by the sternum (the bony
plate in the middle of our chest) and at the back
by the spine.
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The lower 2 pairs of ribs are connected to the
spine at the back, but are not connected to the
sternum at the front, and are called floating
ribs. The rib cage has some limited flexibility
which allows it to expand when we breathe. This
allows room for the lungs to take in air when we
inhale, and then the rib cage relaxes to its
normal state when we exhale
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Our arms can move freely in just about any
direction thanks to the joint which connects our
arm to our shoulder. What we think of as a
shoulder is called the pectoral girdle, which is
made up of 2 bones - the clavicle (or the
collarbone) and the scapula (the shoulder blade).
The clavicle helps to keep the arm and scapula in
place. The upper bone in the arm, the humerus,
connects at the top to the scapula in a
ball-and-socket joint, which gives the arm its
flexibility.
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The humerus connects at the lower end to the two
bones of the lower arm - the ulna and radius.
Between the upper and lower bones of the arm is a
hinge joint known as the elbow. Along the elbow
runs the ulnar nerve, which connects the tips of
the fingers to the spinal cord. When the elbow is
hit in a certain way, this nerve is pinched,
causing a tingling sensation that shoots down the
arm. This is often called hitting your "funny
bone", but there's nothing "humerus" about it!
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The base of the radius and ulna are jointed at
the wrist with the small bones of the upper hand
(the carpals). The palm of your hand is made up
of metacarpals. These bones connect to the bones
of the fingers which are called the phalanges.
The human hand is capable of a wide range of
movement, and allows us to pick up and easily
handle objects.
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The spine, or vertebral column, is attached at
the top to the base of the skull and at the
bottom to the pelvis. It consists of 24
individual vertebrae separated from each other by
flexible cartilage disks which allow us to bend
forwards, backwards and side-to-side. The spine
surrounds the spinal cord and protects it from
injury.
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The sacrum and coccyx are part of the hip, and
are made up of joined vertebrae. The sacrum
consists of 5 fused vertebrae, and the coccyx
consists of 2 to 4 tiny separate or partly fused
vertebrae.
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The pelvis lays between the bottom of the spine
and the top of the leg bones, and connects the
upper and lower body. It is made up of the sacrum
of the lower spine, and two hip bones
The Latin name "pelvis" means "basin" because of
its bowl shape.
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Our legs are built strong and sturdy to deal
with all the weight from the upper body which
they support every day. The long upper leg bone
is called the femur, and it is the longest and
heaviest bone in the body. The rounded upper end
of the femur fits into a ball-and-socket joint
with the hip bone.
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Two smaller bones make up the lower leg the
tibia and fibula. The knee joint connects the
upper end of the tibia to the lower end of the
femur in a hinge joint. Covering and protecting
the knee joint is a flat round bone called the
patella (kneecap)
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The ankle joint is formed at a hinge joint
between the lower ends of the tibia and fibula,
and with a bone in the upper foot called the
talus. Below the talus is the heel bone which
actually carries most of the body's weight. The
talus, heel bone and the other bones of the upper
foot are called tarsals.
The bones making up the middle portion of the
foot are called metatarsals, and the bones of
toes are named the phalanges.
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What instrument do skeletons play?
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Trom bone !!
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What does a skeleton order at a restaurant?
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Spare ribs !!
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The Skull
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The Vertabrae
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A Rib
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The Scapula (upper arm bone)
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The Femur (upper leg bone)
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Why didnt the skeleton eat the cafeteria food?
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Because he didnt have the stomach for it !!
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Why are skeletons usually so calm?
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Nothing gets under their skin !!
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The human body was created to withstand the hard
knocks of life. An engineers dream, the
skeletal system provides a framework for the
human body and protects vital organs. Our bones
have muscles, ligaments and tendons attached to
help us move, lift, reach and throw. The skull
protects our brain, the ribs protect our heart
and the backbone protects our spinal cord.
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Throughout history, we have learned about our
predecessors, including prehistoric man, by
studying the only physical remains of early man,
their bones.
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The skeletal system produces blood cells red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Bones also store inorganic salts. Bone calcium
helps in blood clot formation the conduction of
nerve impulses, and the contraction of muscle
cells.
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What would happen if humans didn't have bones?
You'd be floppy like a beanbag. Could you
stand up? Forget it. Could you walk? No
way. Without bones you'd be just a puddle of
skin and guts on the floor.
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Bones have two purposes. Some, like your
backbone, provide the structure which enables you
to stand erect instead of lying like a
puddle on the floor.
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Other bones protect the delicate, and sometimes
soft, insides of your body. Your skull, a
series of fused bones, acts like a hard
protective helmet for your brain.
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The bones, or vertebrae, of your spinal column
surround your spinal cord, a complex bundle of
nerves. Imagine what could happen to your heart
and lungs without the protective armor of your
rib cage!
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Do you know. How many bones do an adult humans
have? and How many did you have as an infant?
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When you were born you had over 300 bones. As you
grew, some of these bones began to fuse together.
The result? An adult has only 206 bones!
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Do you know. How do your bones move?
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With a lot of help! You need muscles to pull on
bones so that you can move. Along with muscles
and joints, bones are responsible for you being
able to move. Your muscles are attached to bones.
When muscles contract, the bones to which they
are attached act as levers and cause various
body parts to move.
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You also need joints which provide flexible
connections between these bones. Your body has
different kinds of joints. Some, such as those in
your knees, work like door hinges, enabling you
to move back and forth. Those in your neck enable
bones to pivot so you can turn your head. Still
other joints like the shoulder enable you to move
your arms 360 degrees like a shower head.
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Do you know.. Are your bones alive?
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Absolutely. Bones are made of a mix of hard
stuff that gives them strength and tons of living
cells which help them grow and repair themselves.
Like other cells in your body, the bone cells
rely on blood to keep them alive. Blood brings
them food and oxygen and takes away waste.
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If bones weren't made of living cells, things
like broken toes or arms would never mend. But
don't worry, they do. That's because your bone
cells are busy growing and multiplying to repair
the break! How? When you break your toe, blood
clots form to close up the space between the
broken segments. Then your body mobilizes bone
cells to deposit more of the hard stuff to bridge
the break.
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Do you know. What's bone marrow?
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Many bones are hollow. Their hollowness makes
bones strong and light. It's in the center of
many bones that bone marrow makes new red and
white blood cells. Red blood cells ensure that
oxygen is distributed to all parts of your body
and white blood cells ensure you are able to
fight germs and disease. Who would have thought
that bones make blood!?!
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Do you know.. Do all critters have a backbone?
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Nope. In fact, some 97 of critters on earth
don't have a backbone or spine. Remarkably
enough, of those that do have a backbone, there
are lots of similarities a skull surrounding a
brain, a rib cage surrounding a heart, and a
jawbone or mouth opening.
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Why do skeletons hate winter?
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Because the cold goes right through them !!
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Why are graveyards so noisy?
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Because of all the coffin !!
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A Baboon Skeleton
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A Gorilla Skeleton
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A Human Skeleton
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Bone - afied Facts ..The human hand has 27
bones your face has 14! ..You
have over 230 moveable and semi-moveable joints
in your body
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..The longest bone in your body? Your thigh bone,
the femur -- it's about 1/4 of your height. The
smallest is the stirrup bone in the ear which can
measure 1/10 of an inch. ..Did you know that
humans and giraffes have the same number of bones
in their necks? Giraffe neck vertebrae are just
much, much longer!
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..Did you know that males and females have
slightly different skeletons, including a
different elbow angle. Males have slightly
thicker and longer legs and arms females have a
wider pelvis and a larger space within the
pelvis, through which babies travel when they are
born.
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Dry Bones . . . Dem bones, dem bones gonna walk
aroun' Dem bones, dem bones, gonna walk aroun'
Dem bones, dem bones, gonna walk aroun' . . The
head bone connected to the neck bone, The neck
bone connected to the back bone, The back bone
connected to the thigh bone, The thigh bone
connected to the knee bone, The knee bone
connected to the leg bone, The leg bone connected
to the foot bone . . .