Skeletal System

1
Skeletal System

• OBJECTIVES
• Divisions of the Skeletal System
• Classifications of Bones
• Anatomy of a Bone
• Fractures Surgery

2
Human Skeleton

• The human skeleton is divided into 2 groups
• Axial Bones that form the longitudinal axis of
  the body
• Appendicular Bones of the limbs girdles.

3
Bone Classification

• There are 206 bones in the human body.
• Two types of bone tissue
• Compact Bone Dense, looks smooth
• Spongy Bone Composed of small, needle-like
  pieces.

4
Shapes of Bones

• Long Bones
• Longer than they are wide
• Have a shaft with a head at both ends
• Made of mostly compact bone.
• Found in the limbs of the body.

5
Shapes of Bones

• Short Bones
• Generally cubed-shaped
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Found in the wrists and ankles

6
Shapes of Bones

• Flat Bones
• Thin, flattened, and usually curved.
• Two thin layers of compact bone covering spongy
  bones.
• Found in the skull, ribs, and sternum

7
Shapes of Bones

• Irregular Bones
• Bones that do not fit into the previous
  catergories
• Vertebrae and hip bones.

8
Structure of a Long Bone

• Diaphysis Shaft (long, thin part of the bone)
  makes up most of the bones length. Made of
  compact bone.
• Periosteum Fibrous connective tissue that
  covers the diaphysis.

9
Structure of a Long Bone

• Epiphyses Ends of the long bone. Made of
  compact and spongy bone.
• Articular Cartilage Slippery cartilage that
  covers the epiphyses. Provides a smooth surface
  at the joint for movement.

10
Structure of a Long Bone

• Epiphyseal Plate Cartilage found in the
  epiphyses of a young, growing bone. Allow for a
  bone to grow. By the end of puberty the
  cartilage is replaced by bone making an
  epiphyseal line.

11
Bone Marrow

• In adults, the shaft of long bones store adipose
  called yellow marrow. The only place to find red
  marrow is in the cavities of spongy flat bones
  and the epiphyses of some long bones.
• -The bones of most young children are made of
  hyaline cartilage. As you grow into an adult,
  the cartilage hardens into bone by a process
  called ossification.

12
Making Destroying Bone

• osteoblasts bone-forming cells (make bone) Bone
  Building
• osteoclasts bone-destroying cells. Activated
  when calcium levels fall below homeostatic levels
  

13
Fractures

• A fracture is a break in the bone.
• 8 Types of Fractures
• Simple
• Compound
• Comminuted

14
Fractures

• 8 Types of fractures
• Compression
• Depressed
• Impacted
• Spiral
• Greenstick

15
Surgery

• A fracture is treated by reduction, realignment
  of the broken bone ends.
• Closed Reduction Bone ends are realigned by a
  doctor.
• Open Reductions Surgery is performed and bone
  ends are secured by pins/wires.