LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

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Children
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Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
John W. Santrock
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Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood

• What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor
  Development?
• What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?
• What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

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Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor
Development?

• During the elementary school years, children
• Grow 2 to 3 inches a year until age 11
• Gain about 5 to 7 pounds a year
• Double strength capabilities
• Proportional changes

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Tooth Development and Dental Care
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor
Development?

• Primary teeth loss starts about age 6
• Permanent teeth appear at rate of about four per
  year for next 5 years
• Dental hygiene
• Orthodontic care needed

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Motor Development
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor
Development?

• Childrens motor development becomes much
  smoother and more coordinated
• Motor skills pleasure and accomplishment
• Increased myelinization of central nervous
  system fine motor skills improve

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Nutrition
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• Average body weight doubles
• Exert more energy, need more food
• Balanced diet promotes growth
• Family eating patterns important
• Importance of healthy breakfast

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Exercise
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• 1997
• Only 22 in grades 4 through 12 physically active
  for 30 minutes a day
• Parents as poor role models
• Boys more active at all ages
• Roles of school and family

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Obesity
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• Increasing health problem
• 25 of obese children become obese adults
• About 75 of obese young adolescents become obese
  adults
• Girls more at risk than boys

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Factors Linked with Obesity
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• Heredity
• Blood chemistry leptin and insulin
• Consuming simple sugars creates cravings
• Environmental contexts
• Activities
• Availability of food

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Consequences of Obesity in Children
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• Medical and psychological problems
• Pulmonary problems
• Hip problems
• Diabetes and high blood pressure
• Elevated blood cholesterol levels
• Low self-esteem and depression
• Some social exclusion by peers

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Treatment of Obesity
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• Recommended combination of
• Diets of moderate calories food diary
• Exercise
• Behavior modification
• Active lifestyle and models needed

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Diseases
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• Cancer 2nd leading cause of death
• Diabetes chronic, Type I and Type II
• Cardiovascular disease
• Environmental experiences and influences
• Asthma chronic, cause unknown

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Types of Cancer in Children
Fig. 12.5
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Accidents and Injuries
What Are the Central Issues in Childrens Health?

• Motor vehicle accidents
• Most common cause of severe injury and death
  (pedestrian and passenger)
• Hazards of risk taking
• Most accidents occur near home or school
• Improper use of equipment

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Who Are Children with Disabilities?
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• About 10 of U.S. children receive special
  education or related services
• Learning disability (includes ADHD)
• Speech and sensory disorders
• Physical disorders
• Emotional and behavioral disorders

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Diversity of Children Who Have a Disability
Fig. 12.6
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Learning Disabilities
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Learning disability includes
• A minimum IQ level
• A significant difficulty in a school-related area
• Exclusion of other conditions
• Boys classified 3 times more than girls
• Diagnosis difficult

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Prevalent Learning Disabilities in Children
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Dyslexiasevere impairment in ability to read and
  spell
• Dyscalculiadifficulty in math computation

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Children consistently show one or more of the
  following characteristics
• Inattention
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsivity

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Many possible causes heredity may play role
• Undergoes extensive evaluations
• Usually treated with stimulant drugs
• Controversial

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Speech Disorders
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Articulation disorders problems pronouncing
  sounds correctly
• Voice disorders hoarse, harsh, too loud, too
  high- or low-pitched speech
• Fluency disorders commonly called stuttering

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Sensory Disorders
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Visual impairments
• Low vision visual acuity between 20/70 and
  20/200
• Educationally blind unable to use ones vision
  in learning

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Sensory Disorders
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Hearing Impairments
• Oral approaches lip reading, speech reading, and
  any hearing the child has
• Manual approaches sign language and finger
  spelling

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Physical Disorders
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Orthopedic impairments restrictions in movement
  abilities due to muscle, bone, or joint problems.
• Cerebral palsy lack of muscular coordination,
  shaking, or unclear speech (common type spastic)

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Emotional and Behavior Disorders
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Serious, persistent problems involving
• Relationships
• Aggression
• Depression
• Fears related to personal or school matters
• Other inappropriate socioemotional issues

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Autism
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Problems with
• Personal interactions
• Verbal and nonverbal communication
• Repetitive behaviors
• May show atypical sensory responses

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Autism
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Types
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
• Autistic disorder
• Aspergers syndrome

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Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

• Written statement that spells out program
  tailored to child with disability
• Related to childs learning capacity
• Designed to meet childs individual needs
• Designed to provide educational benefits