Life-Span Development

1
Life-Span Development
2
Prenatal and Childhood Development
3
The Beginnings of Life Prenatal Development
4
Prenatal Development

• Prenatal defined as before birth
• Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with
  the birth of the child.

5
Zygote

• A fertilized egg
• The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell
  division.
• Attaches to the mothers uterine wall
• At the end of 14 days becomes an embryo

6
Prenatal Development
7
Embryo

• Developing human organism from about 2 weeks
  after fertilization until the end of the eight
  week
• Most of the major organs are formed during this
  time.
• At the end of the eight week the fetal period
  begins.

8
Fetus

• Developing human organism from nine weeks after
  conception to birth

9
Placenta

• A cushion of cells in the mother by which the
  fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
• Acts as a filter to screen out substances that
  could harm the fetus

10
(No Transcript)
11
Prenatal Development

• Play Teratogens and Their Effects on the
  Developing Brain and Mind (1244) Segment 12
  from The Mind Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd
  edition)

12
Teratogens

• Substances that cross the placental barrier and
  prevent the fetus from developing normally
• Includes radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses,
  drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

13
(No Transcript)
14
Prenatal Brain Development

• Play The Effects of Hormones and the Environment
  on Brain Development (650) Module 2 from The
  Brain Teaching Modules (2nd edition)

15
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• Physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear
  in children whose mothers consumed large amounts
  of alcohol while pregnant

16
Alcohol

• Play Teratogens and Their Effects on the
  Developing Brain and Mind (1244) Segment 12
  from The Mind Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd
  edition)

17
The Beginnings of Life The Newborn
18
Newborn and the Apgar Readings

• Insert Testing Competency In a Newborn Video
  13 from Worths Digital Media Archive for
  Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

19
Rooting Reflex

• Babys tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
  open the mouth and search for the nipple
• Is an automatic, unlearned response

20
Reflexes in the Newborn

• Insert Reflexes in the Newborn Video 14 from
  Worths Digital Media Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

21
Newborn Reflexes

• Play Capabilities of the Newborn (359) Segment
  13 from The Mind Psychology Teaching Modules
  (2nd edition)

22
Temperament

• Persons characteristic emotional excitability
• A child might be
• An easy or difficult baby
• Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry
  through a persons life.

23
Temperament

• Play Bringing Up Monkeys (940) Segment 23
  from Scientific American Frontiers Video
  Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
  edition)

24
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
25
Infant, Toddler, Child

• Infant First year
• Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
• Child Span between toddler and teen

26
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
The Developing Brain
27
Neural Development
28
Maturation

• Biological growth processes that enable orderly
  changes in behavior

29
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
Motor Development
30
Motor Development

• Includes all physical skills and muscular
  coordination

31
Motor Development
32
Motor Development

• Play Baby Body Sense (1100) Segment 24 from
  Scientific American Frontiers Video Collection
  for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition)

33
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Piagets Cognitive Stages
34
Jean Piaget

• Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology
  who introduced a stage theory of cognitive
  development that lead to a better understanding
  of childrens thought processes
• Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of
  cognitive development

35
Cognition

• All the mental activities associated with
  thinking, knowing, and remembering
• Children think differently than adults do

36
Childs Thinking

• Play The Magic Years (1000) Segment 25 from
  Scientific American Frontiers Video Collection
  for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition)

37
Schemas

• Concepts or mental frameworks that people use to
  organize and interpret information
• Sometimes called schemes
• A persons picture of the world

38
Assimilation

• Interpreting a new experience within the context
  of existing schemas
• The new experience is similar to other previous
  experiences

39
Accommodation

• Adapting current schemas to incorporate new
  information
• The new experience is so novel the persons
  schemata must be changed to accommodate it

40
Assimilation/Accommodation
41
Assimilation/Accommodation
42
Assimilation/Accommodation
43
Sensorimotor Stage

• Piagets first stage of cognitive development
• From birth to about age two
• Child gathers information about the world through
  sensory impressions and motor activities
• Child learns object permanence

44
Object Permanence

• Awareness that things continue to exist even when
  you cannot see or hear them
• Out of sight, out of mind

45
Object Permanence

• Insert Object Permanence Video 15 from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

46
Preoperational Stage

• Piagets second stage of cognitive development
• From about age 2 to age 6 or 7
• Children learns to use language but cannot yet
  think logically

47
Egocentrism

• In Piagets theory, the inability of the
  preoperational child to take another persons
  point of view
• Includes a childs inability to understand that
  symbols can represent other objects

48
Childhood Thinking

• Play A Change of Mind (1200) Segment 26 from
  Scientific American Frontiers Video Collection
  for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition)

49
Concrete Operational Stage

• Piagets third stage of cognitive development
• From about age 6 to 11
• Child gain the mental skills that let them think
  logically about concrete events
• Learn conservation

50
Conservation

• An understanding that certain properties remain
  constant despite changes in their form
• The properties can include mass, volume, and
  numbers.

51
Piagets Conservation Task

• Insert Piagets Conservation Task Video 18
  from Worths Digital Media Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

52
Conservation
53
Conservation
54
Conservation
55
Types of Conservation Tasks
56
Formal Operational Stage

• Piagets fourth and last stage of cognitive
  development
• About age 12 on up
• Children begin to think logically about abstract
  concepts and form strategies about things they
  may not have experienced
• Can solve hypothetical problems (What if.
  problems)

57
Cognitive Development

• Play Infant Cognitive Development (714)
  Segment 14 from The Mind Psychology Teaching
  Modules (2nd edition)

58
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Assessing Piaget
59
Assessing Piagets Theory
60
Assessing Piagets Theory

• Piaget underestimated the childs ability at
  various ages.
• Piagets theory doesnt take into account culture
  and social differences.

61
Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
62
Social Development

• Play Social Development in Infancy (644)
  Segment 15 from The Mind Psychology Teaching
  Modules (2nd edition)

63
Stranger Anxiety

• The fear of strangers that infants commonly
  display
• Begins around 8 months of age

64
Stranger Anxiety

• Insert Stranger Anxiety Video 16 from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

65
Attachment

• Emotional tie with another person shown by
  seeking closeness by seeking closeness to the
  caregiver and showing distress on separation
• Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all
  contribute to attachment.

66
Harry Harlow

• Did research with infant monkeys on how body
  contact relates to attachment
• The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother
  or a wire mother that provided food.

67
Harry Harlow

• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
  mother.

68
Harry Harlow
69
Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12a from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

70
Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12b from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

71
Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12c from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.
• NOTE This video clip could also be used later in
  this module.

72
Harlows Study
73
Familiarity

• Sense of contentment with that which is already
  known
• Infants are familiar with their parents and
  caregivers.

74
Imprinting

• A process by which certain animals form
  attachments during a critical period early in
  life
• Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.

75
Konrad Lorenz

• Studied imprinted behaviors
• Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large
  moving object they see.

76
Critical Period

• Optimal shortly after birth when an organisms
  exposure to certain stimuli produces proper
  development

77
Responsiveness

• Responsive parents are aware of what their
  children are doing.
• Unresponsive parents ignore their
  children--helping only when they want to.

78
Securely or Insecurely Attached

• Securely attached children will explore their
  environment when primary caregiver is present
• Insecurely attached children will appear
  distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will
  cling to them when they return

79
Attachment

• Play Attachment (503) Segment 21 from
  Psychology The Human Experience

80
Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12c from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.
• NOTE This video clip could also be used earlier
  in this module.

81
Strange-Situation Test

• Insert Morellis Strange-Situation Test Video
  17 from Worths Digital Media Archive for
  Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

82
Effects of Attachment

• Secure attachment predicts social competence.
• Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative
  outcome.
• A responsive environment helps most infants
  recover from attachment disruption.

83
Parental Patterns

• Daumrinds three main parenting styles
• Authoritarian parenting
• Permissive parenting
• Authoritative parenting

84
Authoritarian Parenting

• Style of parenting marked by imposing rules and
  expecting obedience
• Low in warmth
• Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
• Communication high from parent to child and low
  from child to parent
• Maturity expectations are high.

85
Permissive Parenting

• Style of parenting marked by submitting to
  childrens desired, making few demands, and using
  little punishment
• High in warmth but rarely discipline
• Communication is low from parent to child but
  high from child to parent.
• Expectations of maturity are low.

86
Authoritative Parenting

• Style of parenting marked by making demands on
  the child, being responsive, setting and
  enforcing rules, and discussing the reason behind
  the rules
• High in warmth with moderate discipline
• High in communication and negotiating
• Maturity expectations are moderate.

87
Parenting Styles
88
Parental Influences

• Play Gender Development Social Influences
  (402) Module 3 from The Brain Teaching Modules
  (2nd edition)

89
Three Key Developmental Issues
90
Continuity and Stages

• How much of behavior is continuous and how much
  follows a more stage like development?

91
Stability and Change

• What developmental traits remain stable over
  time, and which change?

92
Nature and Nurture

• How much of our behavior is due to nature and how
  much is due to nurture?
• How do nature and nurture interact in development?