Life-span development

1
Life-span development

• liudexiang

2
Developmental psychology

• The study of the changes that occur in people
  from birth through old age.

3
Enduring issues and methods

• Individual characteristics versus shared human
  traits
• Stability versus change
• Heredity versus environment

4
Enduring issues and methods

• Cross-sectional study A method of studying
  development changes by comparing people of
  different ages at about the same time.
• Cohort A group of people born during the same
  period in historical time.

5
Enduring issues and methods

• Longitudinal study A method of studying
  developmental changes by evaluating the same
  people at different points in their lives.
• Biographical ( or retrospective ) study A
  method of studying developmental changes by
  reconstructing peoples past through interviews
  and inferring the effects of past events on
  current behaviors.

6
Prenatal development

• Prenatal development Development from
  conception to birth.
• Embryo A developing human between 2 weeks and 3
  months after conception.
• Fetus A developing human between 3 months after
  conception and birth.

7
Prenatal development

• Critical period A time when certain internal
  and external influences have a major effect on
  development at other periods, the same
  influences will have little or no effect.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome A disorder that occurs
  in children of women who drink alcohol during
  pregnancy this disorder is characterized by
  facial deformities, heart defects, stunted
  growth, and cognitive impairments.

8
Critical period

• ??46??????????89??????????????710????????10
  12?????????23??????????????????????2.5?-3?????
  ????3???????????4??????????????45??????????????
  5?????????????????????????????56??????????????
  ?

9
The newborn---reflexes

• Rooting reflex the babys tendency to turn his
  or her head toward anything that touches the
  cheek.
• Sucking reflex The tendency to suck on anything
  that enters the mouth.
• Grasping reflex the tendency to cling
  vigorously to an adults finger or to any other
  object placed in the babys hands.

10
Temperament

• Temperament Characteristic patterns of
  emotional reactions and emotional
  self-regulation.

11
Infancy and childhood

• Physical development

12
Motor development

• Motor development It refers to the acquisition
  of skills involving movement, such as grasping,
  crawling, and walking.
• Motor development proceeds in a proximodistal
  fashion---from nearest the center of the body to
  farthest from the center.

13
Motor development milestones
14
The normal sequence of motor development

• At birth, babies have grasping and stepping
  reflexes. At about 2 months, they can lift their
  head and shoulders. They can sit up by themselves
  at about 6.5 months and can stand ( while holding
  on to something ) at about 9 months. Crawling
  begins, on average, at 10 months, and walking at
  1 year.

15
Maturation

• Maturation refers to biological processes that
  unfold as a person grows older and that
  contribute to orderly sequences of developmental
  changes, such as the progression from crawling to
  toddling to walking.

16
Cognitive development
17
Sensory-motor stages

• In Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive
  development between birth and 2 years of age in
  which the individual develops object performance
  and acquires the ability to form mental
  representation.

18
Preoperational stage

• In Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive
  development between 2 and 7 years of age in which
  the individual becomes able to use mental
  representations and language to describe,
  remember, and reason about the world, though only
  in an egocentric fashion.

19
Concrete-operational stage

• In Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive
  development between 7 and 11 years of age in
  which the individual can attend to more than one
  thing at a time and understand someone elses
  point of view, though thinking is limited to
  concrete matters.

20
Formal-operational stage

• In Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive
  development between 11 and 15 years of age in
  which the individual becomes capable of abstract
  thought.

21
Social development

• Learning to interact with others is an important
  aspect of development in childhood.

22
Imprinting

• The tendency in certain species to follow the
  first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees
  after it is born or hatched.

23
attachment

• Emotional bond that develops in the first year of
  life that makes human babies cling to their
  caregivers for safety and comfort.

24
Autonomy

• Sense of independence a desire not to be
  controlled by others.

25
Socialization

• Process by which children learn the behaviors and
  attitudes appropriate to their family and
  culture.

26
The end