Lab 3 Kingdom Fungi

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Lab 3 Kingdom Fungi

• Principles of Biology II Laboratory
• BSC 1011L
• Professor Pamela L. Pannozzo

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Kingdom Fungi

• Heterotrophic-secrete digestive enzymes then
  absorb nutrients
• Saprophytes
• Parasites
• Single or multicellular
• Cell walls made of chitin
• Growth by cytoplasmic streaming at hyphae tips

• Decomposers of living and dead material
• Nutrient recycling
• Non-motile
• 100,000 species described
• Oldest fossils 460 my old (chytrids)

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Kingdom Fungi

• Mutualistic relationships
• Lichen? fungi algae or cyanobacteria
• Mycorrhizae ? fungi plant roots
• Asexual and sexual reproduction (alternation of
  generations)
• Sexual and asexual spores
• Evolutionary beginning of cell specialization and
  intercell coordination
• Found in moist soil, dead matter, plants/animals

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Fungi Body Form

• Hyphaefilamentous strings of cells
• Myceliummass of hyphae most of the organisms
  body
• Septawalls dividing one cell from another that
  contain openings for cytoplasm to flow between
  cells
• Fruiting bodiestemporary reproductive structure

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Kingdom Fungi

• Phylum Zygomycotacommon molds, black bread mold
• Phylum Ascomycotayeasts, morels, truffels
• Phylum Basidiomycotamushrooms, rusts
• Phylum Chytridiomycota--chytrids
• Phylum Deuteromycotaimperfect fungi

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Phylum Zygomycota

• Approximately 1,000 species
• Bread, cheese, meat, fruit molds
• Root-like hyphae called rhizoids
• Stem-like hyphae called stolons
• No septa in hyphae

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Phylum Zygomycota

• Sporangiophores form sporangia which release
  spores

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Zygomycetes Reproduction

• Asexual phase

• Sexual phase

• Hyphae grow sporangia
• sporangia produce spores
• spores germinate to form hyphae

• , - mycelium grow together form zygosporangium
• Zygosporangium produces zygospores
• Zygospores germinates to form hyphae
• hyphae

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Zygomycota

• Rhizopus

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Phylum Ascomycota

• 32,000 species
• Higher/sac fungi
• Yeast, morels, truffels
• Mostly multicellular except yeast
• Uninucleate cellsseptae separate

• Fruiting body for sexual stage in cup-shaped
  ascocarp, asci hold 8 ascospores

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Ascomycetes Reproduction

• Asexual Phase

• Sexual Phase

• Conidiophores grow from hyphae
• Conidia (spores) produced on conidia
• Conidia grow into hyphae

• , mycelia fuse, produce ascogonium
• Ascogonium grows into asci holding 8 ascospores
  each
• Ascospores discharged from ascocarp
• Ascospores grow into hyphae

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Asci with ascospores
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Phylum Ascomycota

• Peziza

• Sordaria

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Phylum Ascomycota

• Sacromyces

• Claviceps

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Yeasts

• Unicellular ascomycetes
• Rarely produce hyphae
• Reproduce asexually by budding sexually via
  ascospores
• Anaerobesundergo fermentation producing CO2 and
  alcohol
• Used commercially

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Phylum Ascomycota

• Penicillum

• Aspergillis

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Phylum Basidiomycota

• Approximately 300,000 species
• Mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, rusts, smuts
• Composed of masses of hyphae and above-ground
  fruiting body

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Basidiomycetes

• Sexual reproduction through hyphae fusion forming
  basidiocarp
• Gills lined with basidia
• Basidia produce basidiospores?hyphae

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Cross section of lamella inside basidium
Two basidiospores
Basidiospores visible on edge of lamella
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Phylum Basidiomycota

• Coprinus

• Ustilago

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Phylum Basidiomycota

• Puccinia

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Chytridiomycota

• Allomyces

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Phylum Deuteromycota

• 25,000 species
• Imperfect fungi
• Reproduce asexually only (we think)
• Diverse phylum-catch-all group
• plant diseases

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Lichens
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