The Immune System

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The Immune System

• By Charlene Topacio
• Bailey Murphy
• Molly Martin
• Christy Loh

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About the Immune System

• The Immune System is our bodies defense system.
• The Immune System is always working.
• Part of the Immune System is the Integumentary
  System, or the skin.
• Without the Immune System we would not be able to
  survive.
• Another system within the Immune System is the
  Lymphatic System.

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Parts of the Immune System

• Flow of lymph
• lymph nodes filter lymph
• provide a site for many leukocytes to wait and
  ambush pathogens
• or trigger other parts of immune system
• Other lymph organs
• tonsils
• spleen
• thymus

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Lymphoid Organs

• Bone Marrow-soft tissue located in the cavities
  of the bones. This is the source of all blood
  cells.
• Thymus-A primary lymphoid organ, high in the
  chest, where T lymphocytes proliferate and
  mature.
• Lymph nodes- Small bean-shaped organs that are
  distributed widely by lymphatic vessels. Lymph
  noded are garrisons of B, T, and other immune
  cells.
• Spleen-Located in the abdominal cavity, is an
  important location for immune system activities.

• Tonsils and Adenoids-oval masses of lymphoid
  tissues on either side of the throat.
• Appendix-organ in the intestine
• Peyers Patches- collection of lymphoid tissues
  in the intestinal track.
• Lymphatic vessels-similar to the blood vessels
  but they transfer lymph to the immune organs and
  the bloodstream.
• Lymph- slightly yellow fluid that carries
  lymphocytes to the body tissues, and drains into
  the lymphatic vessels.

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Diseases

• Immune System
• Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
• Allergies
• AIDS
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

• Integumentary System
• Eczema-itchy, dry skin
• Acne
• Ringworm

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More Problems and Diseases of the Immune System

• Allergic rections such as hay-fever, asthma
  (only some types), hives
• Happens when harmless sustances such as grass,
  pollen, or house dust is thought as a threat and
  is then attacked by the immune system
• Allergies can be treated with such medications as
  Astelin, Zyrtec, Allegra, and Patanol

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Treatments for the Diseases

• Integumentary Cures
• To cure Eczema, you can put an antipruritic(a
  relief for itching), such as Benadryl on the
  rash.
• Treatments for acne are topical creams like
  Benzyl Peroxide.
• Ringworm can be treated by keeping the rash dry,
  wearing loose cotton clothes, and by applying an
  anti-fungal medication.

• Immune System Cures
• The only cure for Combined Immunodeficiency
  Disease is to live in a germ free environment.
• To cure allergies you can take an antihistamine
  to clear up the symptoms.
• There is NO cure for AIDS!!!!

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Epidermal Cells

• Keratinocytes make proteins that help waterproof
  the skin and protect the tissue from heat and
  abrasions.
• Merkel Cells are touch sensors.
• Melanocytes make the melanin pigments which
  protect the skin against UV rays.
• Langerhans Cells are macrophages that are used in
  the defense against microorganisms.

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Functions of the systems

• The immune system resists diseases, drains fluid
  from cells and tissues back to the bloodstream,
  and fights infection.
• The Integumentary system has multiple roles in
  homeostasis, including protection, temperature
  regulation, sensory reception, biochemical
  synthesis, and absorption.

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Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

• Recognize, React, Remember
• A pathogen has infected the body
• Recognition
• a pathogen is recognized by its antigens
• phagocytized byB-lymphocyte or
  macrophage(Antigen Presenting Cells)
• forms a major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II)
  that can be presented to
• helper-T cells

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More Functions of the Skin

• 1. Barrier to loss of water and electrolytes
• 2. Protection from external agents
• 3. Regulates body temperature
• 4. Regulates blood pressure
• 5. Acts as sense organ for touch, pressure,
  temperature, and pain
• 6. Maintain body surface integrity by
  replacing cells and wound healing
• 7. Maintains a buffered protective skin film
  by eccrine and sebaceous gland to protect against
  microbial and fungal agents
• 8. Participates in production of vitamin D
• 9. Delays hypersensitivity reactions to
  foreign objects
• 10. Indicates emotion through color change

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Vaccines through Biotechnology

• Genetic engineering scientists can isolate
  specific genes and insert them into DNA of
  certain microbes or mammalian cells the microbes
  or cells become living factories, mass producing
  the desired antigen. Then using another product
  of biotechnology, a monoclonal antibody that
  recognizes that antigen, the scientists can
  separate the antigen from all the other material
  produced by the microbe or call. This technique
  has been used to produce immunogenic but safe
  segments of the hepatitis B virus and the malaria
  parasite.
• In another approach, scientists have inserted
  genes for desired antigens into the DNA of the
  vaccinia virus, the large cowpox virus familiar
  for its role in smallpox immunization. When the
  reengineered vaccinia virus is inoculated, it
  stimulates an immune reaction to both the
  vaccinia and the products of its passenger genes.
  These have included, in animal experiments,
  genes from the viruses that cause hepatitis B,
  influenza, rabies, and AIDS.

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Flow of lymph

• fluid filters out of capillaries
• most returns to capillaries
• some filters into lymphatic capillaries

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Flow of lymph

• some filters into lymphatic capillaries
• collecting vessels
• lymph nodes
• lymphatic trunks
• collecting ducts
• subclavian veins

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UH-OH! A splinter OUCH!

• Inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, pain,
  impaired function)
• some chemicals cause capillaries to become
  leakier
• WBCs (and some RBCs) and chemicals escape into
  surrounding tissue
• (this and vasodilation cause redness)
• tissue swells and veins become constricted
• more fluid then drains through lymphatic system
• passing WBCs are attracted to the area by
  chemicals
• attack the pathogens
• mixture of tissue fluid, cell debris, and
  dead/dying WBCs and pathogens makes pus
• PDGF stimulates healing

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Pictures of the immune system
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Pictures of the integumentary system
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Bibliography

• http//www.pblish.com/Healthworks/lymphart.html
• http//www.bio.psu.edo/Courses/Sum2000/Bio101-Wate
  rs.htm
• http//www.nsc.gov.sq/commskin/skin.html
• http//www.homeworkhelp.com/homeworkhelp/freemembe
  r/text/bio/high/private/ch11/0200/main.htm
• http//www.nsc.gov.sg/commskin/Atopderm/atopic.htm
  l
• http//www.science.ubc.ca/biomania/tutorial/skin/
  skin01a.htm

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ALL DONE!!
MR. DAVIS IS KEWL not really j.k )

• THE END