African Colonial History

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African Colonial History

• KEY TO UNDERSTANDING
• AFRICAN UNDERDEVELOPMENT
• ORIGINS AND MYTHS

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Colonial Motives

• Economic Interpretation- raw materials, minerals
  and agricultural products
• Missionary Influence and abolitionism (Divide
  Religiously)
• Pseudo-Scientific Racism
• European Rivalries
• Cultural Imperialism and Racism

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Theme

• We have the Maxim Gun,
• They Have None
• Hillaire Blazac

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Issue The Crusher

• Bula Matari came to represent the alien
  authority
• Crawford Young describes
• Henry Morton Stanley

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Further Reading

• Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness
• Later film, Apocalypse Now by
• Francis Ford Coppola
• Adam Hochschild, King Leopolds Ghost

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The Scramble for Africa

• Triangular Trade to 1800
• Legitimate Trade and Spheres of Influence
• Spheres of Influence (the China Model)
• The Role of the Trading Companies
• German East African Company
• French West African Trading Company
• British East and British South African Companies

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The Scramble for Africa

• France, Germany and European Rivalries
• Belgium, King Leopold and the Congo Free State
• Congresses of Berlin 1878 and 1884-85

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Origins of Colonialism 1890-1914

• West Africa French vs. British and Assimilation
  vs. Indirect Rule
• From Company Rule to Indirect Rule
• Smaller Powers
• East Africa Settlers and Imperialism
• German Authoritarianism,
• White Highlands
• British East Africa Company

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Origins of ColonialismCentral and Southern Africa

• Jan van Riebeck and the Cape- 1652
• Britain- Cape Colony 1815
• Cecil John Rhodes British South Africa Company
• The Rhodesias and Nyasaland- Company Rule to 1923
• From Federation to UDI

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Styles of Colonialism- Tactics and Methods

• Force, Trickery, sub-imperialism (client
  kingdoms) and Authoritarian Prefectoralism
• Carl Peters and his Bags full of Treaties
• Sir Samuel Baker and his Hungarian Wife
• Stimulate alliances and rivalries among different
  ethnic and religious groups
• Use of Indigenous Forces Create African Armies
• Use puppet rulers, appoint chiefs in stateless
  systems, use District Commissioners (Prefects)

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Patterns of Colonial Rule

• Parallel Rule vs. Indirect Rule- Britain
• Assimilation- France Portugal and France
• Federations vs. Fragmentation- Francophone vs.
  East Africa
• Special Role of Settler Colonies

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Discussion

• Do Things Fall Apart in Africa After 1870?

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The Colonial Administrative State

• Integration- Algeria and Lusophone
• Overseas territories and provinces- France
• Colonial Office and the Overseas Governor
• Cultural Sub-Nationalism Buganda, Ashanti and
  South Africa

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British Colonialism

• Sir Frederick Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British
  Tropical Africa (London 1922).

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Types of Territories

• Without European Settlers- Nkrumah and the
  Mosquito
• Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone
• Without European Settlers- Protectorates
• Uganda, Zanzibar, Nyasaland
• With European Settlers (No Home rule)
• Kenya, Tanzania, Northern Rhodesia
• With European Settlers (Home rule)
• Rhodesia, South Africa, South West Africa (after
  1920)

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Colonial Processes

• Oxbridge Generalists
• Major Ralph Furse and Gentlemen Administrators
• LEGCO, EXECO and Unofficial Advisors (Europeans,
  Arabs and Indians, and Late a few Africans)
• Multi-racialism vs. Ornamentalism

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British Colonial Structures
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Structure of British Colonialism
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Colonial Administration
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Colonial Administration
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Colonial Administration
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Tribal Administration
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Colonial Structures-1956
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Traditional GovernmentTwo StructuresNational
Systems
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Imperial Systems
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Parallel Rule

• The External Protectorate
• Soldiers, Missionaries and Police
• Settlers Eastern and Southern Africa

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Origins of Indirect Rule

• INDIRECT RULE THEORISTS
• Lord Lugard and Northern Nigeria
• Theophilus Shepstone in Natal
• Sir Donald Cameroon in Tanganyika

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"Tribal Administrationand Indirect Rule

• Traditional vs. Tribal Rule
• Modification of Parallel or Dual Rule
• Goal Legal/Rational Model
• Modification of Tradition
• Training of tribal administrator

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Indirect Rule System
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French Colonialism

• Meaning of Assimilation
• Direct Rule
• Use of Traditional Authorities as French
  Administrators
• Replacement of Traditional Authorities by
  Soldiers
• In Practice Assimilation was Association
• British and French administrative Practice not
  that different in rural Africa

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French Colonialism

• The Concept of Permanent Association
• Goal a French Language Union (Political Economic
  and Social)
• Paris and A Single, highly centralized system-
  World Wide
• Facade of Direct Rule

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French Colonial Structures

• France Overseas Indochina, Caribbean
• North Africa Tunisia, Morocco, the Department of
  Algeria
• LAfrique Occidentale Francaise (AOF)
• LAfrique Equitoriale Francaise (AEF)
• The Mandates Togo, Cameroons

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French Colonial Structures
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French Colonial Structures
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French Colonial Structures
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French Decolonization

• The Concept of the French Union
• France and World War II French Africa
  and Vichy
• Socialist Governments and Socialist Empires
• Collapse of Federation, the Loi Cadre of 1956
• DeGaulle and the 1958 Referendum

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SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS

• Germany Lost Colonies German East Africa,
  German South West Africa, Cameroons and Togo
• Belgium Monarchs Private Property (Congo Free
  State) Rwanda, Burundi- Primary Education,
  Church, Mineral Extraction
• Portugal Post-Revolutionary States. Four
  Centuries of Neglect, Massive Amounts of Settlers
  Post-WWI and WWII-Angola, Mozambique,
  Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde

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SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS

• Italy National Grandeur, Battle of Adowa,
  Mussolini- Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Libya,
  Ethiopia (1937-1940)
• Spain Colonial Remnants of Slave Trade- Spanish
  Morocco, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Equatorial
  Guinea
• Holland From Cape Colony to Dutch Republics
  Orange Free State, Transvaal, French Protestants,
  Germans-South Africa (Apartheid)

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Themes of Colonial Rule

• Psychological Dependence and Revolution
• Racial animosity and love-hate cultural links
  (Indians, Arabs, Europeans)
• Absence of Core State
• Nationalism as a Product of Colonialism
• Gender, Race and Class debates

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Discussion

• Similarities and Differences
• Richard Rive
• Chinua Achebe
• Crawford Young

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NEXT WEEK

• Seek ye first the political kingdom, all else
  will follow
• Kwame Nkrumah