UNITED STATES HISTORY AND THE CONSTITUTION

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UNITED STATES HISTORY AND THE CONSTITUTION

• South Carolina
• Standard USHC-2-1

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South Carolina Standard USHC-2

• Standard USHC-2
• Covers the economic developments and how the
  westward movement impacted regional differences
  and democracy in the early nineteenth century.

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IndicatorsUSHC-2.1

• We will cover the impact of the westward movement
  on nationalism and democracy, including the
  expansion of the franchise, the displacement of
  Native Americans from the southeast and conflicts
  over states rights and federal power during the
  era of Jacksonian democracy as the result of
  major land acquisitions such as the Louisiana
  Purchase, the Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican
  Cession.

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Westward Expansion

• Westward expansion both intensified nationalism
  and exacerbated sectionalism as competing
  regional interests agreed on expansion but
  differed on policies of the federal government
  such as cheap land, internal improvements, the
  support for industry through tariff policy and
  the expansion of slavery.

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Manifest Destiny

• Expansion fueled the nationalist idea of Manifest
  Destiny and vice versa.
• Jefferson pursued the purchase of Louisiana,
  despite his misgivings over the constitutionality
  of such a purchase.
• Jeffersons loose interpretation of the elastic
  clause of the Constitution set the precedent for
  future land acquisitions and secured control of
  the Mississippi River as a highway for American
  agricultural products from the old Northwest
  through the port of New Orleans to world markets.

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Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory and New
  Orleans to the United States on April 30, 1803
  for 15 Million.
• This included 11.25 million for the land and
  3.75 million in debts owed to American citizens
  .

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Spread of Democracy

• The Louisiana Territory also provided additional
  government owned land available for purchase
  Land Ordinance.
• The addition of these lands insured the spread of
  democracy as new territories became states of the
  Union on equal terms as the original thirteen
  Northwest Ordinance.

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Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

• In 1918 John Quincy Adams used ongoing boarder
  negotiations with Spain to acquire Florida, and
  set the western boarder of the Louisiana
  Territory.

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Right to Vote

• The right to vote, originally reserved to
  property owners, was enjoyed by most American
  males as the government sold land at increasingly
  cheaper prices.
• In the 1820s and 1830s, states dropped the
  property qualification and expanded the franchise
  to all white males and specifically
  disenfranchised African American property owners.

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Fun Times at the Polls

• Political campaigns became a popular pastime and
  voting a festive occasion.
• The first president elected from the West was
  Andrew Jackson, a Democrat and self described
  champion of the common man.

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Westward Expansion

• Westward expansion strengthened the Democratic
  Party.
• As Americans moved west, they continued the
  displacement of the Native American population,
  just as they had in the original colonies.
• President Andrew Jackson announced a formal
  policy of removal of natives to the west to make
  room for opportunity for the common white man.

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Native Americans

• Native Americans of the southeast responded to
  this encroachment through both resistance
  (Seminoles in Florida) and assimilation (Cherokee
  in Georgia).
• Neither of these methods was successful. The
  Seminoles were defeated and the Cherokee
  eventually lost their legal fight to retain their
  lands.

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Trail of Tears

• Native Americans of the southeast were forced to
  move to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma on the
  Trail of Tears in the late 1830s.

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Human Property, Families Split

• The westward movement also had an adverse impact
  on enslaved African Americans as slave owners
  took only part of their human property with them
  on the trek west and left the rest of a slave
  family behind.

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Nullification Crisis

• The increasing economic differences and the
  growing conflict between the North and the South
  over the right to extend slavery to the
  territories led to a conflict between states
  rights and federal power in the nullification
  crisis of the 1830s.

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High Tariffs

• Northern manufacturers favored a high tariff that
  would protect their infant industries from
  foreign competition.
• Southerners, as producers of cash crops and
  consumers of manufactured goods, wanted those
  goods to be available at a cheaper price and
  viewed a high tariff as an abomination.

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Tariff Null and Void?

• The West sided with the North in order to get
  support from the Northern states for their
  favored issues, internal improvements and ever
  cheaper land prices. In the 1830s, South Carolina
  used the states rights argument to declare the
  tariff null and void

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Andrew Jackson

• President Andrew Jackson was determined to uphold
  the right of the federal government to collect
  the tariff in South Carolina.
• A compromise reduced the offending tariff.

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Compromise

• This compromise and the threat of federal force
  led South Carolina to rescind their nullification
  of the tariff but not to repudiate the right of
  the state to nullify an act of Congress.
• The immediate threat to the Union was averted.

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• The United States claim to Oregon was based on
  the explorations of Lewis and Clark which took
  them beyond the boundaries of the Louisiana
  Purchase to the Pacific Ocean.

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• Americans had moved to the Oregon Territory in
  order to trade in furs and farm.
• The area was also claimed by the British with
  whom the U.S. had joint occupation rights until a
  treaty was negotiated in the 1840s.

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• Texas was acquired through annexation of the
  Republic of Texas nine years after American-born
  Texans had declared and won their independence
  from Mexico.
• The rest of the present southwestern United
  States was acquired by treaty that ended the
  Mexican War.

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• Westward movement impacted the relations between
  the regions as Southerners sought to protect
  their peculiar institution by pushing for the
  expansion of slavery and would ultimately
  threaten national unity in the Civil War

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Vocabulary

• Sectionalism
• Jacksonian democracy
• Manifest Destiny
• Disenfranchised
• Encroachment
• Trail of Tears
• nullification crisis