High Middle Ages

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High Middle Ages

• Fall of Rome
• Feudalism
• Rise of Commerce
• Crusades
• Culture

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Divided Roman Empire

• West Rome
• Latin language
• Roman Catholic
• Pope
• Rural, poor
• 476 - Ostrogoths

• East Constantinople
• Greek language
• Easter Orthodox
• Patriarch
• Wealthy, trade, urban
• 1453 Ottoman Turks

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Problems for the Roman Empire

• Army Use of mercenaries - slaves, gladiators,
  barbarians, brigands conscription no
  discipline, training
• Political turmoil civil war, corruption the
  wealthy east no support for the west

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Problems for the Roman Empire

• Economic Problems Taxes to support the military
  and government bureaucracy
• Social Decay less patriotism, loyalty, duty
  bread and circuses

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Fall of Rome Antiquity

• Huns horsemen from the Steppe (Attila)
  Barbaric, slow migration
• 410 Visigoths sack Rome
• 455 Vandals sack Rome
• 476 Ostrogoths depose Augustulus Romulus
  Classic Date for Fall of Rome

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Blended culture emerges Roman Latin language,
education, noble dress Christianity Religion,
unifies west Europe, monasteries language,
education, science Germanic warrior culture,
customs, leaders, noble class, aristocracy
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Clovis King of the Franks

• Anointed by Bishop of Rome
• United Franks through killing off rival relatives
• Attacked Arians (Visigoths) Christ created by
  the one God or existed from beginning

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The Carolingians

• Charles Martel 732 Battle of Tours defeat
  the Muslims After North Africa and Spain

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Charlemagne

• Expands empire Lombards, Saxons, Avars
• Civilization, order, and learning
• Christmas Day 800 Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope

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Carolingian Renaissance

• Missi Dominici lords messengers hear
  complaints, representatives of the king,
  investigate a knight and a priest

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Carolingian Renaissance

• Latin learning language, education, scholars,
  local schools
• Arithmetic, geometry, music
• astronomy grammar, logic, and
• rhetoric
• 8,000 manuscripts 90 Roman
• Literature
• Carolingian miniscule
• Libraries developed

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Treaty of Verdun 843

• Lothair
• Louis the German
• Charles the Bald

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Invaders Muslims Magyars Vikings Norsemen Sav
age, cruel, In thirst of gold Axes, dogs, seige
machines
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Vikings Iceland, Greenland, America, and Normandy
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Feudalism Manor System

• Feudalism political. Social, economic system
  with small, local, independent lords no strong
  central government
• Lords/nobility own land, subdivide to vassals in
  exchange for loyalty, military assistance other
  services
• Primogeniture title, land to the eldest son

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The Feudal Contract Lords and Vassals give the
oath in exchange for the fief title and parcel
of land
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Knighthood soldiers Warfare

• Chain mail
• Iron helmet
• Sword lance
• Eventually, metal plates
• warhorses large Percherons Clydesdales

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Feudal Justice Local lord, except capital
punishment (execution)

• Trial by Battle duals, swords, on horse, pistols
• Compurgation oaths of witnesses, more modern
  version
• Trial by ordeal water test or hot iron, sacred
  oath - healing

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Castles Chivalry
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Chivalry Code of Honor

• Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful
  to thy pledged word.
• Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to
  everyone.
• Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion
  of the Right and the Good against Injustice and
  Evil

• Wisdom, homage, loyalty, brave
• No improper fighting
• Ransom vassals (barons and knights) paid the
  fee
• Provide entertainment and generosity

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Manors Lords and Peasants/serfs The Manor Self
Contained

• Lords owned self contained estates, worked by
  the peasants for rent always in debt
• Hard work life worked sunrise sunset
  worked the fields, repaired manor, house, watched
  the animals blacksmith iron, mill house
  grain, bakery bread, orchards fruit, wine,
  Church - priest
• Slept with the animals ate - Black bread,
  lentils, cabbage, turnips, onions, ale rarely
  meat
• Religious holydays celebrations, meat and games

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Manors Lords and Peasants/serfs

• Feudalism is an agriculturally based economic,
  political and social institution.
• Look at the next slide and find ten ways in which
  the manor was self sufficient?
• Can you think of one or two items the folks on
  the manor needed that was not produced on the
  manor?

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The Manor Self Contained
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The Pyramid of Power or Social Structure
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Judea, Palestine Rome

• East Mediterranean Hebrews
• Who were the Zealots?
• Zealots Religious nationalist movement rebel
  against Roman rule
• Jewish revolt crushed by Roman legion
• 66 70 AD Temple destroyed
• Diaspora Jews scattered in Mediterranean area
• Rabbis keep the congregations alive, interpret
  scripture (Torah)

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Masada The Final Jewish Defense
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Masada Defense

• 1,000 or so defenders
• Earthen ramp built over 9 months
• Last area to fall in 73 AD
• Committed suicide

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Rise of Christianity

• Who Jesus of Nazareth
• Where Gospels
• primary documents
• Matthew, Luke, Mark John
• Why Messiah Christos
• New Covenant - redemption
• Miracles healings
• Resurrection
• Leader earth or spiritual world?

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Christianity The Appeal Why popular

• Simple message Sermon on the Mount love and
  forgiveness
• open to all, every soul value, worth
• Hope for a better life immortality next life
• Community belongingness, shared values, ritual

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Paul and Martyrs

• Paul Conversion, letters of explanation
  (epistles), missionary to the East Med world,
  pockets of Jews
• Bishop of Rome and the Patriarch of
  Constantinople Who should lead the Christians?
  Jesus gave keys to Peter who was the missionary
  to Rome. - struggle between the two denominations

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Travels of Paul as Missionary
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Spread of Christianity
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Roman Catholic Church

• Parish Priest local, seven sacraments, preached,
  guided moral behavior, helped sick/poor, ran
  schools
• Life revolved around church calendar
• Baptism marriage - death

• Bishops managed diocese gothic cathedrals
• Cardinals curia advisors, legal political
  decisions
• Pope final authority

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Monasticism Monks

• Isolated communities
• Benedict model monastery Monte Casino
• Prayer, work, fasting, self-denial

• Vows poverty, obedience, chastity
• Great influence
• Improved agriculture, health and education,
  hostels food/lodging, missionaries, preserve
  texts, developed libraries

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Illuminated manuscripts
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Church Rules, Laws, Justice

• Heretics preachers of false doctrine
  Excommunication, burned at stake
• Tithe 10 income to church tax to the Roman
  Catholic Church
• Nicene Creed Basic set of beliefs

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Hanseatic League Strict rules lost trading
rights, embargo no trade, waged wars
Wealth production goods, taxes transportation
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The Goods

• Baltic fish, fur, timber
• Spain leather, oil, soap
• Flanders good location, wool, Linen
• France wine
• Italy Glassware

• Asia exotic goods
• Spices, dyes, silk, medicines
• Cotton, linen, fruit, grain, rugs

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Mediterranean Trade

• Italian city states Venice, Pisa, Genoa,
  Florence, Naples Asia Constantinople
• Center of Mediterranean Trade routes Between
  Europe and Eastern Mediterranean Constantinople
  - Asia

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Manufacturing Banking

• Investing takes money to invest in trade so need
  capital (), sell shares, partnerships, joint
  stock companies share risk reward
• Insurance To protect investments for a fee
• Banks money changers lending money -Usury no
  interest on loans credit bills of exchange
• Jews as moneylenders restricted jobs, housing,
  ownership of property not citizens

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The Trading Markets Fairs

• Market economy land, labor, capital controlled
  by private individuals (capitalism)
• Local Rulers taxes, toll, sales offered
  protection safe trade travel
• People shopping entertainment. Clowns,
  magicians, musicians

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Manufacturing Banking

• Barter system replaced with coins, so need
  standard weights measurements each produced
  own coins
• Domestic system make goods in peoples homes
  family spinning, weaving, dying

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Growth of Towns Rise of Middle Class burghers,
burgesses, bourgeois

• Town Charters rights for citizens
• Freed serfs, no labor tax, own courts, regulate
  trade

• Guilds united organizations of people
• Merchants trade, loans, aid
• Workers wages, hours, conditions and standards

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Guilds craft guilds - one occupation protect
job - income

• Guilds stages
• Apprentice house, feed, clothe, and train 5 9
  years of training
• Journeyman paid wages, work for master craftsman
  20 30s
• Master craftsman open own shop, proved capable
  by guild 30s

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Why a Population Growth?

• More arable land drained marshes, cleared
  forests
• More fertile soil Crop rotation legumes (peas,
  beans) and grain (wheat) and left alone (fallow)
• Iron plow, horse collar makes rows

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The Manor Self Contained
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Anglo-Saxon England

• 400s invasion of Germanic tribes
• Push the Britons to Wales
• Kingdoms shires - Sheriff

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Norman Invasion of England Battle of Hastings
1066

• William, Duke of Normandy Promised the throne.
• Battle of Hastings, William defeats Harold of
  Wessex
• Becomes known as The Conqueror

• Brings a Latin based language French
• Customs, laws. Lifestyles blend
• English Norman lords become Vassals

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Lords and Vassals

• Technically King of France grants fief
  (Normandy) to Viking Rollo Duke of Normandy
  Rollo a vassal to King of France
• Since William, D of N, becomes king of England
  still a vassal to King of France and other
  titles as well

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Battle of Hastings, 1066Bayeux Tapestry 70 m
long
Whats the written language?
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Cultural Diffusion French language blends with
English Germanic language Answers Why English
has many Latin based words?
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Domesday Book survey history

• 13,471 settlements - General survey of land and
  wealth for tax basis
• People, type value of property,

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Henry II 1154 1189 consolidated power unto the
monarchy

• Centralized military hired soldiers, loyal to
  crown not nobility
• Legal system
• traveling judges -circuit court
• Common Law tradition and decisions basis for all
  law applied equally in England - overrides barons
• trial by jury

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Magna Carta 1215 by John at Runnymeade

• Base document for law in West
• Rights, liberties nobles then all men
• No new or special taxes w/o consent
• Cant take property
• Cant slow, refuse, delay justice
• Trial by jury

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Written in Latin
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Model Parliament 1265

• House of Lords nobles clergy
• House of Commons
• Knights, middle class (burgesses)
• Advise the King
• Taxes yes or no

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France Capetians Hugh Capet chosen king in 987
300 years

• Ile de France Paris
• Expansion through
• Marriage, dowries, landholdings
• Took land from families with no heirs

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French Royal Growth

• Well run administration
• Royal Court Parliament of Paris appeals court
  highest level
• Taxed the clergy state and church
• Estates General 1st Clergy 2nd Nobles 3rd
  Commoners

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Crusades

• First Crusade Pope Urban II 1096
• Recover the Holy land from the Muslims
  Jerusalem Israel Judea (Palestine)
• Heat, lack of food water, few pack animals,
  lack of unity, and battles
• Terrible slaughter Muslims, Jews and Christians
  70,000 Imams and scholars did win the Holy
  Land for a few years

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Crusader States Re-conquered

• Third Crusade
• England Richard I
• France Philip II
• HRE Frederick
• Babarossa
• Muslims Saladin
• Sultan

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Results of the Crusades

• Failed to re-conquer Jerusalem from the Muslims
• European Kings gained power armies, taxes
  reduced Popes power
• Knowledge geography, curiosity of the East,
  medicine, stimulated spices trade

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Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims (Moors)
1492 Ferdinand and Isabella inquisition
used Learned math, science, numbers, Architecture
Books translated from Latin, Greek, Hebrew
Arabic
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Life Culture

• Universities Bologna, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge
  1000 - 1200
• Liberal Arts Latin, logic, rhetoric., math,
  astronomy, music
• Medicine, Civil Church Law
• Scholasticism philosophy that blended faith
  and reason (science, logic)

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Life Culture

• Vernacular everyday speech of a nation or area -
  spread literacy no Latin
• Chanson de geste songs of heroic tales
  Arthurian Legends, Song of Roland courtly love

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Dante Divine Comedy

• Travels through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven
• The Inferno the most interesting

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Canterbury tales

• Slice of life from all levels of society during
  the middle ages

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Life Culture

• Gothic Churches tall spires, high walls. lots of
  windows, flying buttresses
• Gargoyles
• Cathedrals, Bishops churches

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Flying Buttresses
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Bubonic Plague Black Death

• Rats on boats fleas bite the rats then bite
  humans
• 1/3 Europeans died
• Workers in demand, wages rose, peasants revolted

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Why would an area, the green, have a minor
outbreak or why some areas have more deaths than
others? Hint trade and urban areas
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100 Years War

• France v England
• Dispute over whos the king
• Gunpowder used
• Joan of Arc

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Holy Roman Empire Hapsburgs
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Holy Roman Empire
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Problems within the Roman Catholic Church

• Wycliffe wealth immorality of clergyworldly
• Individual interpretation of scripture
• Bible translation in vernacular (common
  language) English

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