Stratigraphy

1
Stratigraphy

• Facies
• - definition
• - contacts and successions
• - Walthers Law
• Correlation
• - basis
• - examples
• Name That Formation

Text Manual p. 29-35
2
Facies Definition

• Aspects of a rock that characterize it.
• Mappable, aerially restricted part of a
  lithostratigraphic body that differs from it
  coeval equivalents.
• A distinctive rock type that is characteristic
  of a particular environment.
• A body of rock distinguished on the basis of
  its fossil content.

3
Facies Definition
Environment physical, chemical, biological
conditions
vs
Facies sediment properties

• Lithofacies
• Biofacies

4
Facies Definition
(AGI, 1999)
5
Facies Definition
Meandering Stream Facies
(Boggs, p. 280)
6
Facies Contacts
(Boggs, p. 464)
7
Lateral Contacts
Facies Contacts
Vertical Contacts
intercalated
gradual
gradational
abrupt
intertonguing
pinchout
(Boggs, p. 453)
8
Facies Successions
Meandering Stream
Delta
Transgressive Shelf
Regressive Shelf
Fining Upward
Fining Upward
Coarsening Upward
Fining Upward
Coarsening Upward
Coarsening Upward
(Boggs, p. 260)
9
Facies Walthers Law
Walthers Law environmental relationship
between lateral facies and vertically-stacked
strata
10
Facies Walthers Law
Transgression landward movement of shoreline
Regression seaward movement of shoreline
11
Facies Walthers Law
Facies Regression (Progradation)
Time lines
(E. McBride)
Diachronous Lithostratigraphic Units
12
Facies Walthers Law
http//www.gpc.edu/pgore/geology/historical_lab/s
tratigraphy.php
13
Facies Walthers Law
14
Facies Walthers Law
http//www.gpc.edu/pgore/geology/historical_lab/s
tratigraphy.php
15
Stratigraphy

• Facies
• - definition
• - contacts and successions
• - Walthers Law
• Correlation
• - basis
• - examples
• Name That Formation

Text Manual p. 29-35
16
Correlation

• demonstrate that rocks at distant places are
  equivalent
• - lithology / stratigraphic position
• - fossil content
• - age

17
9 miles
Correlation
Castille Formation, NM

• Types of Data
• Outcrop descriptions
• Cores
• Well Cuttings
• Well Logs
• Geophysical data

(Anderson et al., 1972)
18
Correlation
19
Correlation
Correlation ? Matching
20
Correlation

• Basis of Correlation
• trace lateral continuity
• lithology

21
Correlation
http//www.gpc.edu/pgore/geology/historical_lab/s
tratigraphy.php
22
Correlation
(Boggs, p. 476)
23
Correlation
24
Correlation
Marker Bed Ash Fall
http//www.es.ucsc.edu/pkoch/lectures/lecture1.ht
ml
25
Correlation

• Basis of Correlation
• trace lateral continuity
• lithology
• rock properties
• stratigraphic successions

26
Correlation
Stratigraphic Successions
(Boggs, p. 479)
27
Correlation
http//www.gpc.edu/pgore/geology/historical_lab/s
tratigraphy.php
28
Correlation

• Basis of Correlation
• trace lateral continuity
• lithology
• rock properties
• stratigraphic successions
• fossil content

29
Correlation

• index fossils
• principles of stratigraphy
• marker horizons
• geophysical properties
• geochemical properties

http//www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ozsvath/images/str
atigraphy.jpg
30
Correlation

• Basis of Correlation
• trace lateral continuity
• lithology
• rock properties
• stratigraphic successions
• fossil content
• chemical, magnetic, or geophysical properties

31
Correlation
(Boggs, p. 483)
32
Correlation
Fence Diagrams
(416M)
33
Correlation
Fence Diagrams
(Prothero and Schwab, p. 486)
34
Stratigraphy

• Facies
• - definitions
• - contacts and successions
• - Walthers Law
• Correlation
• - basis
• - examples
• Name That Formation

Text Manual p. 29-35
35
Correlation Examples
36
Correlation Examples
37
Correlation Examples
38
Correlation Examples
?
39
Correlation Examples
40
Stratigraphy

• Facies
• - definitions
• - contacts and successions
• - Walthers Law
• Correlation
• - basis
• - examples
• Name That Formation

Text Manual p. 29-35
41
Name That Formation
Lithostratigraphy
Super Group Group Formation Member /
Tongue / Lentil Tongue / Bed / Flow
Formation mappable rock body with distinct
boundaries
42
K, L, M members
(Boggs, p. 662)
43
Name That Formation
Define as _________ Group _________
Formation _______ Member of _____
Formation _______ Lentil of ______
Formation _______ Tongue of ______
Member Bed of ______ Formation / Member
Formations can NOT interfinger.
manual, p. 44