Earth Science Major Topic Review

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Earth ScienceMajor Topic Review
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Temperature Volume
Temperature Density
density
volume
temperature
temperature
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Breaking up

• If you break an object of uniform composition in
  half, what happens to its density?

MASS 100 g VOLUME 10 cm3
DENSITY 10 g/ cm3
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Breaking up

• If you break an object of uniform composition in
  half, what happens to its density?

MASS 50 g VOLUME 5 cm3
MASS 50 g VOLUME 5 cm3
DENSITY 10 g/ cm3
DENSITY 10 g/ cm3
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But Wait, the Earth is not Perfectly round!

• It is called a slightly oblate spheroid
• Meaning Oval Shaped
• It is slightly bulged at the Equator
• Flattened at the Poles

BUTthe best model of the Earth is
A perfect sphere
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Latitude Longitude

• The altitude of Polaris
• (measured from the horizon)
• Is the same as your latitude in the N. Hemisphere.

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Latitude Longitude
Note If it is NOON your time and GMT PM, you
are WEST of the P.M. If it is NOON your time and
GMT AM, you are EAST of the P.M.
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Topographic Maps

• Contour Interval
• difference in elevation between each line. MUST
  be equal spacing.
• Contour interval
• 20 feet

580
560
540
520
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Rules for Contours

• The maximum possible elevation for a hill is 1
  less than what the next contour should be.
• The highest possible elevation of the hill is
  just below the value of  the next line that is
  not shown

90
80
70
60
50
10
399
81
239
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Profiles
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Minerals

• Characteristics of Minerals
• Naturally occurring
• Solid
• Inorganic
• Orderly internal arrangement of atoms
• Definite chemical composition.

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Mineral Properties

• Based on the internal arrangement of atoms.
  (hardness, cleavage, shape, )

Both of these are made entirely of the element
Carbon
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Mineral Properties
Page 16 Earth Science Reference Tables
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Composition of the Earths Crust
8 Elements Make Up 97 of the Earths Crust
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Rocks

• Rocks are classified into three basic groups
  according to
• how they formed their origin where they came
  from ..
• Igneous from magma
• Sedimentary from pieces of other rocks
• Metamorphic from preexisting rocks
• ALL ROCKS are made of MINERALS

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Igneous Rocks
Solidification forms CRYSTALS
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Rocks

• Polymineralic
• rocks made of many minerals (most rocks are
  polymineralic)
• Monomineralic
• rocks made of only 1 mineral (few) ex. Sandstone

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Types of Magma

• Felsic-
• When it cools and crystallizes it forms rocks
  that have mainly light colored minerals.
• (Quartz, Potassium Plagioclase Feldspar)
• Forms lighter colored rocks - Granite is a common
  example.
• Mafic-
• Forms rocks that are composed mostly of darker
  minerals.
• Forms darker colored rocks - Basalt is a common
  example.

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Environments of Formation

• INTRUSIVE IN the Earth (Plutonic)
• Rocks that form in the Earth from magma that
  cools undergr
• Texture-
• Large MINERAL crystals - cooled slowly.
• EXTRUSIVE EXIT the Earth (Volcanic)
• Magma or lava that cools at or near the earths
  surface
• Texture
• small or no crystals cools rapidly

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Sediments are generally deposited when the agent
of erosion (wind, water) loses energy and slows
down. Ex. When a stream enters a lake, pool, or
ocean it deposits sediments.
Precipitates form in very quiet (still) water
dissolved minerals come out of solution (Limestone
)
BIG stuff here
SMALL stuff here
FAST
SLOW
Horizontal Sorting
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Inorganic/Clastic
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• Foliation
• Alignment of minerals in sheets
• Banding
• Stripes resulting from alternating light and dark
  minerals
• Nonfoliated
• No alignment or banding

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Increasing HEAT and PRESSURE causes one rock to
change to another
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Reasons for Plate Motion
CONVECTION CELLS

• Warm, less dense material rises,
• while cool, denser material sinks.

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Present Day Atlantic
Younger Warmer Less Dense
Older Cooler More Dense
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2
3
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Types of Plate Boundaries
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Earthquakes

• major cause is from the STRESS that builds up
  between two plates and along fault lines
• Focus - point inside the earth, on a fault plane
  at which the first movement occurs
• Epicenter - point where earthquake starts inside
  the earth

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The P-wave arrived at 53010 PM and the
S-wave arrived at 53750 PM. What is the
difference in arrival times? 740 How far
away is the epicenter? 6000 km
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The S-wave took 17 minutes to travel from
the epicenter to the seismic station. It arrived
at the seismic station at 11510 PM. How far
away is the epicenter? 6000 km How long did it
take for the P-wave arrive? took 920 to
arrive At what time did the P-wave arrive? (find
dif P-S) 11510 740 10730 PM At what
time did the earthquake occur? 11510 01700
125810 PM 10730 00920 125810 PM
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EPICENTER
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FAST
SLOW
FAST
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Weathering ErosionSurface Area

• Breaking a rock into smaller pieces causes the
  rock to weather MORE QUICKLY.

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Stream Sediment Sizes
http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072402466/s
tudent_view0/chapter10
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Drainage Patterns/Watersheds
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The Flood Plain
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Groundwater

• Porosity
• the percentage of empty (pore) space found within
  soil or rocks.

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Groundwater

• Permeability
• the ability of water to flow through
• Smaller particles less permeability
• i.e.
• a sponge would be permeable.
• Clay is impermeable

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Sky
Key Contact Metamorphism
Conglomerate
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Igneous Intrusion of Basalt
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Siltstone
Siltstone
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Shale
Shale
1
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Sky
Key Contact Metamorphism
Conglomerate
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Igneous Intrusion of Basalt
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Siltstone
Siltstone
2
Shale
Shale
1
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How to set up a practice problem?
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Earths Heat Budget

• Insolation
• INcoming SOLar radiATION
• Direct rays (_at_90o) transfer more energy
• Indirect rays transfer less energy
• Tilt of the Earth results in differential
• heating of its surface

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Relative Humidity

• How can we increase the relative humidity in the
  air (2 ways)?
• Decrease the air temperature, thus decreasing the
  capacity of the air to hold moisture.
• Increase the amount of moisture (specific
  humidity) in the air.

The of moisture increases relative to how much
the air can hold
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Measuring Air Pressure

• Falling barometer usually indicates warmer, more
  humid air.
• (low air pressure bad weather coming)
• Rising barometer usually indicates cooler, drier
  air.
• (high air pressure good weather coming)

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Pressure Centers
SURFACE WINDS BLOW FROM HIGH TO LOW PRESSURE
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Practice
Abbreviation
Pressure
382
1038.2
992
999.2
732
973.2
160
1016.0
883
988.3
362
1036.2
008
1000.8
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Land Sea Breeze
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FRONTS
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Evidence for the Big Bang Theory
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Aphelion Furthest from the Sun
Perihelion Closest to the Sun
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Parallelism of Axis all point in same direction
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