Classical Greece 2000 BC 300 BC

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Classical Greece2000 BC 300 BC

• Chapter 5

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I. The Impact of Geography

• Mountains seas isolated Greeks from each other
• Result
• development of
  independent
  city-states

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Rugged mountains prevented unity
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Olympus in winter
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The Greek World
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Land Climate

• Arable land only 20

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• Small population w/ meager diet
• grains, grapes, olives
• Moderate climate

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II. Mycenae 1st City State

• 1600 1100 BC
• Militaristic
• Took pride in heroic deeds

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Mycenae the First City-State1600 1100 BC

• Adopted Minoan culture
• Overthrew Minoan
  civilization about 1400 BC
• Foundation culture on island of Crete

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Minoan Influences on Mycenae

• Sea trade
• Writing system, art, politics, literature
• Minoan legends formed core of Greek religion

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Minoan Palace of Knossos, Crete
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Knossos panorama
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Dolphin fresco in Queens Chamber
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Knossos Bull vaulting 1600-1500 BC
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Minoan snake goddess

• Powerful female
• figure of Crete

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The Minotaur

• Modern copy of a classical statue

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Minoan Mycenaean costume
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Troy Sacked by Mycenae 1200 BC

• Inhabited for 3500 years, til 500 AD
• 9 layers
• Trojan War
• Took place in 7th layer
• City was rebuilt

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Issue Control of trade routes
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or the love a woman?
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Troys fate

• Forgone conclusion
• Divine interference
• See Judgment of Paris

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Judgment of Paris
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Achilles kills the Queen of the Amazons, Troys
ally
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Ajax prepares for suicide after Achilles death
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"Beware of Greeks bearing gifts"
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Meneleus retaking Helen
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Golden Mask of Agamemnon (?)

• Found at Mycenae by Heinrich Schliemann in 1873

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Mycenae collapsed after 1100 BC

• Sea People raided
• Dorian Age
• Less advanced
• No writing
• Economy collapsed

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Ruins of Mycenae

• The Lion
  Gate
• Walls 20 ft. thick

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Lion Gate panorama
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Another view of the Lion Gate
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Stony semi-arid location of Mycenae
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III. The Dark Age 1100 750 BCResult of
Mycenae collapse

• Food production dropped
• Large scale migration
• Iron weapons were introduced
• Works of Homer appeared

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Epic poetry Homers Iliad

• Highlights
• Abduction of Spartas queen sparks
  outrage among the Greeks
• Invasion of Troy led by Mycenae
• Destruction of Troy by
  means of trickery

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Epic poetry Homers Odyssey

• Recounts the homeward journey of Odysseus which
  took 10 years
• Message courage,
  honor excellence in
  battle

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V. Archaic Period (750 500 BC)
City-State became the focus of Greek life

• Direct democracy practiced at the agora
• Male citizens had
  political rights

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The Agora

• Where male citizens practiced direct democracy

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Acropolis w/agora in foreground
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VI. War with Persia (500 - 479 BC)

• 1 Greek colonies in Asia Minor revolted
  against Persian control in 500 BC
• Athens provided assistance

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2 Highlights of Persian War

• Battle of Marathon
• Darius of Persia was defeated by small Athenian
  army in 490 BC
• Story page 118

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Disciplined Greek phalanx
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Trireme (from movie TROY)
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Greek trireme
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3 The (Persian) empire strikes back!

• In 480 BC
  King Xerxes invasion force defeated Sparta at
  Thermoplyae
• Persians burned Athens

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4 The Empire Retreats!

• Athens counterattacked
• Battle of Salamis - 1/3 of Persian fleet
  destroyed by Athens
• THEN..
• Battle of Plataea Sparta defeated
  Persias land forces, 479 BC

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Significance for Greece

• Independence preserved
• Rich varied Greek culture developed in Athens
• Friction between Athens Sparta
• Athens dominates Delian League (140 city-states)

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VII. The Classical Period 480-338 BC

• Athens became leader of the Greek world after
  Persian defeat.
• Athens Golden
  Age

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Forms of Athenian government

• Monarchy inherited power
• 2000 BC 800 BC
• Oligarchy - a few share power
• Aristocrats
• Wealth was land-based

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Forms of Athenian government

• Tyranny (mid 600s BC)
• one person seizes power
• Forced oligarchs from power
• Democracy (500 BC in Athens)
• power shared by citizens

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Democracy in Athens

• Council of Elders (small group) prepared
  recommendations
• Assembly (all citizens)
  voted
• Magistrates (Ephors) enacted the laws

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Acropolis
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Leaders of Athens

• Draco 621 BC draconian
• Solon 594 BC wise ruler
• Pisistratus 546 BC good tyrant
• Cleisthenes 508 BC expanded democracy
• See pages 117-118

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Pericles, Demcratic Ruler of Athens (461-429 BC)

• Used money from the Delian League to beautify
  Athens

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Pericles of Athens

• Skillful politician
• ruled for 32 yrs
• He had 3 goals for Athens
• Ultimately led to war w/Sparta

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Goal 1 Strengthen Democracy

• Opened government service to all males
• Salaries to public officials
• Direct democracy
• Athens most democratic city

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Goal 2 Strengthen Athenian Empire

• Used money from Delian League to build up Athens
  fleet
• Controlled overseas trade in Greek world

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Athenian Treasury building
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Goal 3 Glorify Athens

• Huge sums of money voted to buy marble, ivory,
  gold for beautification projects
• W/O approval from Delian League
• Treasury moved to Athens

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Parthenon at Acropolis
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Pallas Athena

• 2nd or 3rd century copy
• Pheidias was original artist
• Parthenon
• Original dated to 447 BC (1/12 size).
• Disappeared 5th century AD

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Parthenon Athenas Temple
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Parthenon was part of the glorification of Athens

• Classical ideals of balance proportion
• Very harmonious with its site
• It appears to grow indirectly out of solid rock

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Principals/purpose of Greek Architecture

• Calm, clear, freedom from unnecessary details
• Temples dedicated to the gods are most important
  forms of architecture

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Erechtheion with it's Porch of the Caryatids at
Acropolis
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Cayatid porch
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Women of Athens
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Womens roles in Athens

• Marriageable at 14, seldom seen in public
  thereafter
• Womens work - purely domestic subservient
• Main duty provide legitimate
  children

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Small container for olive oil

• Making cloth was one of womans most important
  occupations

Terracotta, Greek, Attic, black-figure, ca.
550-530 B.C.Attributed to the Amasis
PainterFletcher Fund, 1931 (31.11.10)Judy and
Michael H. Steinhardt Gallery
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Athenian Women.

• Were not citizens
• Didnt go out alone
• Had no inherited property
• Could not choose mates
• Could be priestesses

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Slavery

• Generally 1-2 per household, war captives
• Allowed Athenian men a great degree of leisure
  time to devote to government
• - democracy v. slavery

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Men of Athens

• All citizens participated in government
• Public events were designed for male attendees
• Leisure and sociability were main qualities in
  peace-time

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Discus Thrower, MFA Boston
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Male clothing

• Men wore long tunics that ran to their ankles.
  Men and women's clothing were similar. Rich men
  wore cloaks held up by broaches. Men wore big
  hats to protect them from the sun. Men wore no
  underwear. When men got married they wore a
  garland and anointed with Myrrh. Boys wore tunics
  just like their father except shorter. Slaves
  wore loincloths. Poor people wore dark clothing
  and rich people wore bright clothing.

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Life for Athenian citizens

• Simple, wants/needs were few
• Social equality, absence of extremes in wealth
• Diets figs, olives, cereals,
  fish, cheese, wine

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Athenian Education

• Learned reading, writing, arithmetic, literature
  and sports age 6-7
• 2 years of military training at age 18

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Athenian Economy

• Traded w/ other city-states and foreign lands
• Used coins
• Had overseas colonies

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VIII. The city-state of Sparta

• Highly organized military camp
• Lives of citizens rigidly controlled
• Males
• lived in barracks ages 7 to 30
• in the army to age 60

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The women of Sparta

• Lived simple life like the men
• Own control property
• Expected to remain fit to
  bear and raise healthy children
  to fight

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The Helots

• Harshly treated, conq. people
• Revolts were
  brutally put down
• Could marry buy their freedom

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Warrior society

• Soldier found on the acropolis of Sparta

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Spartas Government

• Rulers 2 kings Council of Elders who served
  for life
• Closed to outsiders
• No travel except for military reasons

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Spartas Economy

• Little trade
• Farmed
• Conquered others
• Slaves non-citizens produced goods they required

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Education in Sparta

• Everyone trained to fight from age 7
• Boys taught to suffer pain w/o complaint
• Age 20 boys tested for fitness, skill leadership

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Family Life

• State decided marital partners
• Deformed babies were killed
• Men lived at barracks
• Boys separated from mothers at age 7

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IX. Drama as we know it was created by the
Greeks

• 3 male actors wearing masks
• All male chorus helped tell story
• Action was limited. Emphasis was on the story

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Theatre Tragedies

• Trilogy format
• Hero suffers
• Ends in disaster

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Greek Theatre
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3 Tragedians

• 1. Aeschylus - wrote Oresteia (3 plays) about
• Fate of Agamemnon his family after the Trojan
  Wars
• Evil acts breed evil acts but reason triumphs in
  the end

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Agamemnon

• Sacrificed Iphegenia for a good voyageor did he?
• His wife, Clytemnestra, vowed revenge for the
  murder of her eldest child

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Clytemnestra

• Murdered Agamemnon on his return w/ her lovers
  help
• Killed by her children, Orestes Electra in
  revenge

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Orestes Electra kill their mother
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Iphigenea In Tauris

• Pompeii frescoe
• End of the trilogy

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Tragedian 2

• Sophocles
• Oedipus Rex, Antigone, etc.. (personal conflict,
  dysfunction in the family)

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Oedipus sphinx
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Blind Oedipus

• Led into exile by Antigone
• Rudolph Tegners Museum, Denmark

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Antigone finds her brothers body
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Tragedian 3

• Euripedes Medea, etc..
• (criticized war, prejudice, hypocrisy, and
  greed)

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Maria Callas plays Medea

• Medea calling to the Furies  just before she
  murders the children.

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X. Peloponnesian War431- 404 BC

• Delian League
  (Athens)
• v.
• Peloponnesian
  League
  (Sparta)

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Athenian Pride

• Exported democracy even when it was not desired
• Goals of Pericles detrimental
• Refused compromise

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Mars, war god5th century BC vase
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Peloponnesian War

• Athens eventually lost the war after 27 year
  struggle
• Democracy was supplanted throughout Greece by
  dictatorship enforced by Sparta

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Outcomes of Spartas victory

• Sparta supreme in Greek world buttoo weak to
  maintain control
• 2. Civil strife between Athens, Sparta Thebes
  til 338 BC when Macedonia took over

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XI. The Gods

• 12 main deities lived on Mount Olympus
• Each polis selected a divinity as its special
  guardian

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Zeus, chief god

• 3rd century AD
• Vatican Museum

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Hera, Queen of the gods

• 5th century
  BC

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Temple of Hera at Paestum
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Apollo Statue by Phidias
460 BC.

• Personified youthful masculinity
• God of many roles prophecy, music, medicine,
  hunting, drove sun chariot

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Temple of Apollo at Delphi
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Oracle of Delphi

• Priestess of Apollo
• Responses to questions were interpreted by
  priests
• Believed to foretell future events

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Demeter sheaves of wheat

• Goddess of grains earth

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Athena, Goddess of Wisdom

• 15th century
• Renaissance Italian painting by Botticelli

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Athena Goddess of Wisdom

• Louvre

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Athena a copy once in the Parthenon, Athens
see note
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Parthenon, dedicated to Athena
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Aphrodite, goddess of Love (Botticelli)
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Aphrodite of Melosaka Venus de Milo2nd Century
BCE (Louvre)
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Poseidon, god of the sea earthquakes
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Greek Religion

• Focused on ritual
• No salvation
• No doctrine
• Not based on morality
• Festivals honored the gods

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XII. Greek Philosophy

• Concerned with the development of
  critical or rational
  thought about the
  universe, and the place of divine forces in it

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Pythagoras 6th century BC

• Essence of the universe is found in music
  numbers

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Sophists 5th century BC

• Rejected Pythagoras
• Understanding the universe is beyond human
  capacity
• Stressed self-improvement, rhetoric, ability to
  win at debate

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Philosopher Socrates

• Message Know thyself
• Sought truth through persistent questioning
• Questioned authority during non-democratic period
• death sentence

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Socrates (469-399BC)

• Oligarchs gained control after the Peloponnesian
  War
• Sentenced for questioning their motives

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Philosopher Plato

• Concerned with ethics, religion, beauty logic
• Wrote The Republic - described an ideal
  government
• Established a school in
  Athens - the Academy

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Plato(427 347 BC)

• Student of Socrates

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Philosopher Aristotle

• Analysis based on observation investigation
• Influenced western culture
  for 2,000 years
• Favored constitutional government

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Aristotle(384-322 BC)

• Student of Plato
• Tutor of Alexander the Great

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XIII. Hellenistic Period (338-31BC)

• Alexanders empire Greek ideals provided unity
  in the ancient world
• Vibrant culture resulted in fusion of Egyptian,
  Persian, Indian w/Greek

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Hellenistic Period begins after Alexanders death

• Hellenistic greek like
• Lingua franca koine developed as a result of
  cultural fusion
• Ends w/Roman conquest of Egypt in 31 BC

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• Alexander the Great
• Died in 323 BC in Babylon aged 32

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Babylon

• Ishtar Gate
• http//www.livius.org/a/1/ alexander/procession.jp
  g

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Battle of Issus 333 BC from a wall in Pompeii
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Alexander on horseback movie still

• http//www.moviecitynews.com/arrays/2004/alexander
  _photo1.html

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Achievements of Alexander

• Destroyed Persian monarchy
• took over territory stretching from Greece
  Egypt to the Indus River

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After Alexander, his empire falls apart

• 3 major kingdoms emerged, each ruled by one of
  Alexanders generals
• Macedonia Greece - Antigonus
• Persia - Seleucus
• Egypt - Ptolemy

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Hellenistic philosophy focused on ways of living
1 Epicureans

• Self-interest, happiness pursuit of pleasure
  are basic motivations
• Seek freedom from emotional turmoil worry
• Seek freedom from public activity

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Hellenistic Philosophy 2 Stoicism (founder
Zeno)

• Find inner harmony by living with will of God
• Lifes problems not disturbing, bear whatever
  life has to offer
• Be a good citizen, good official

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Contributions of Hellenistic Culture

• Science Math
• Philosophy
• Libraries
• Sculpture

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The city of Alexandria

• Gradually replaced Athens as leading intellectual
  commercial city
• Most scientific work was done there til 16th
  century

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Mathematics

• Euclid geometry
• Aristarchus earth revolves around the sun
• Archimedes specific gravity value of pi
• Eratosthenes circumference of the earth

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Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) Father of Modern
Medicine

• Attributed disease to natural, not supernatural,
  causes
• Hippocratic Oath

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Herodotus

• Father of History
• History of the Persian Wars

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XIV. Classical Art

• Western art still dominated by
  Greek standards
• Reason
• Moderation
• Balance
• Harmony

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Hellenistic sculpture

• Moved away from balance, harmony idealism
  towards
• realism
• emotion
• movement

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Nike of Samothrace Hellenistic

• Expressive
• Animated
• Celebrated victory

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Columns Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
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Doric
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Ionic
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Corinthian
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Greece The End
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Hercules

• Marble statue
• known as the
• Farnese Hercules

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ApolloHellenistic Period

• Known as
• Belvedere Apollo
• (Vatican Museum)

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