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Title: The Shaping of Classical Greece 2000 B.C.


1
The Shaping of Classical Greece2000 B.C. 300
B. C.
  • Chapter 5
  • Section 1
  • Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas

2
Geography Shapes Greek Life
  • Three seas Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean
  • Linked parts of Greece together
  • Connected Greece to other societies
  • Sea travel and trade were important due to
    Greeces lack of natural resources

3
Key Classical Greek City-States
Black Sea
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
4
Land of Rugged Mountains
  • Mountains covered ¾ of Ancient Greece- only ¼ of
    the land was arable (suitable for agriculture)
  • Effect on politics
  • Small, local community governments- NEVER united
    into one empire
  • Effect on population
  • Not enough farm land to support a large
    population

5
The Climate
  • Greeces climate is mild with varied, moderate
    temperatures
  • This supported outdoor, public meetings which
    will shape the Greek political system

6
Civilization Develops
  • Mycenaeans
  • Indo-Europeans who settled in the southern
    mountains of the peninsula
  • Dominated by strong warrior kings from 1600 BC to
    1100 BC
  • Minoans- (Remember the island in the Med Sea!)
  • Mycenaeans had contact with them after 1500 BC-
    probably through trade
  • Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan language into
    Greek, and Minoan culture influenced art,
    religion, politics, and literature.

7
The Trojan War
  • When?
  • 1200s B.C lasted 10 years
  • Once was thought to be a fictitious legend
    (archeologist discoveries of cities that may have
    influenced the stories)
  • One of the last Mycenaean battles.

8
Dorians
  • Represented a decline in Greek culture following
    the Trojan War
  • Less advanced
  • Economy and trade collapsed
  • Lack of history from 1150 BC 750 BC indicated
    no form of writing
  • Homer
  • Blind story teller
  • Narrative, heroic poems- Illiad and Odyssey
  • Myths
  • Traditional stories about gods and goddesses used
    to explain nature and natural events

Video
9
The Greek City States
  • Chapter 5 Sections 2
  • Warring City States

10
Rule and Order in the City-States
  • Remember, a city-state is a city and its
    surrounding lands controlled by a strong
    government----- the Greeks did not unite into an
    empire- but a league of loosely united
    city-states
  • Polis- fundamental political unit in ancient
    Greece
  • 50-500 square miles
  • Less than 10,000 residents
  • Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) on
    the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss
    city government

11
The Acropolis in Athens Today
www.grisel.net/acropolis.htm
12
Lets Review
  • Why did the population in most city-states stay
    relatively small?
  • The lack of arable land
  • What made it possible to have open markets and an
    acropolis?
  • Climate and mountainous terrain

13
Forms of Government
  • Monarchy- a single person, KING, ruled the
    government
  • Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of noble,
    land-owning families.
  • Oligarchy- ruled by a few powerful people a new
    class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied with
    nobles took over power
  • Tyrants-powerful leaders who gained support of
    common people after agreeing to set up building
    programs and provide jobs for their supporters.

14
Question
  • What is the difference between a tyrant today and
    the tyrants of ancient Greece?
  • Today tyrants are considered harsh and cruel.

15
Athenian Democracy
  • Athenian democracy rule by the people in Athens
  • Draco- legal code- all Athenians were equal
    death was punishment for most crimes outlawed
    debt slavery
  • Solon- four social classes based on wealth- only
    TOP three could hold political office all could
    participate
  • Cleisthenes- divided citizens based on where they
    lived not wealth
  • citizens could submit laws, council of Five
    Hundred proposed laws and counseled the Assembly
    (members were chosen at random)

16
Question
  • What was citizenship based on?
  • free adult male property owners could be
    citizens

17
Sparta- Military State
  • Branches of government
  • Citizens and elected officials general
    assembly-voted on issues
  • Elders 30 older citizens that proposed the laws
    to the assembly
  • 5 carried out the laws and 2 kings for military
    operations
  • This is closer to a republic than a pure
    democracy.

18
Military Operations
  • All men served in the army until age 60
  • From age 7 30 they lived in Army barracks and
    trained
  • Girls received some military training
  • All put service to Sparta above everything else
  • Iron weapons affordable to all
  • New army of foot soldiers hoplites
  • Formation called the phalanx the most feared
    force in the ancient world.
  • Assisted Greeks in the Persian Wars

19
The Phalanx
20
The Golden Age
  • Chapter 5 Sections 3
  • Democracy and Greeces Golden Age

21
461-429 BC Pericles Plan
  • Goals
  • Strengthen democracy
  • Hold and strengthen the empire
  • Glorify Athens
  • Strengthen democracy increased the number of paid
    officials Direct Democracy citizens rule
    directly, not through representatives

22
Question
  • Is the US a direct democracy?
  • No, we are a representative democracy

23
Art and Archetecture
  • Parthenon- temple built to honor Athena (goddess
    of wisdom and protector of Athens)

(video)
24
Greek Sculpture
  • Sculpture- perfectly formed figures not realism
  • Classical art- harmony, order, balance, and
    proportion

25
Drama
  • Tragedy- serious drama about love, hate, war or
    betrayal
  • Comedy- filled with slapstick situations and
    crude humor- usually made fun of politics and
    respected people

26
Peloponnesian War (video)
  • Sparta vs. Athens- 431 BC
  • Sparta had a strong army, Athens had a strong
    Navy- both wanted war!
  • Athens weakened (during the 2nd year b/c of a
    plague)
  • 421 BC- signed a truce
  • 415 BC- Athens attacked Sicily (an ally of
    Sparta)
  • 404 BC- Athens is defeated in Sicily, but held
    out for 9 more years defending their city.

27
Greek Philosophy
  1. Socrates- absolute truth and justice dont exist,
    question everything (Socratic Method)
  2. Plato- student of Socrates The Republic (book)
    his vision of a perfectly formed society- was not
    democracy
  3. Aristotle- invented rules of arguing that form
    the basis of the scientific method

28
Alexander and His Empire
  • Chapter 5
  • Section 4 Alexanders Empire
  • Section 5 Spread of Hellenistic Culture

29
The Rise of Macedonian Power
  • Reminder Greek city-states were weakened by the
    Peloponnesian War
  • Location- Just north of Greece- rocky terrain and
    cold climate- Most Macedonians were animal
    herders
  • Major resource- shrewd fearless kings
  • Thought of themselves as Greeks
  • Greeks saw them as uncivilized b/c they had no
    great philosophers, sculptors or writers.

30
Phillip II
  • King at 23 years old
  • Brilliant general and a ruthless politician
  • Turned the peasants into a strong professional
    army
  • Phalanxes (16x16) to break through enemy lines
  • Fast moving cavalry to crush opponents
  • Attacked easily defeated the Greeks
  • City-states could not agree on anything
  • Athens and Thebes united, but it was too late
  • Began centuries of foreign control of Greece

31
Philips Plans
  • Greece would be first
  • Persia would be next
  • Never was able to complete this b/c he was
    assassinated at his daughters wedding (literally
    stabbed in the back)
  • Alexander proclaimed himself king
  • Crushed an early rebellion by Thebes
  • 6000 killed- survivors sold into slavery and the
    city was destroyed

32
Who was Alexander?
  • Philips 20 year old son
  • Educated by Aristotle in science, geography and
    literature
  • Military training throughout his childhood by his
    father

Video
33
The Defeat of Persia
  • Goal- to carry out his fathers plan
  • Campaign in Anatolia
  • 35,000 troops vs. 40,000 Persians
  • Launched a quick attack and destroyed the Persian
    defenses of DARIUS II (King)
  • Darius vows to win and an army of up to 75,000
    (Alexander was SERIOUSLY outnumbered)
  • Surprise attack- straight to Darius!

34
Alexanders Conquests
  • Anatolia- Darius II ran away- offered him all
    land west of the Euphrates River, Alexander
    declined and vowed to conquer all of Persia
  • Egypt- welcomed him as a liberator and crowned
    him pharaoh
  • Mesopotamia- Darius had 250,000 men- again they
    fled This ended the Empire

35
Was Persia Enough???
  • NO WAY!!! He wanted to control ALL of Asia
  • India- huge offensive- but won
  • The army was tired
  • 11 Years
  • 11,000 miles
  • Climate changes- deserts, monsoons, etc.
  • BEGGED him to turn back- reluctantly he agreed

36
Alexanders Empire
37
(No Transcript)
38
Problems with Alexanders Empire
  • Politics were neglected
  • After agreeing to turn back he planned to
    strengthen and unify his lands
  • Roads, cities, harbors
  • Conquer Arabia
  • Alexander never carried out his plan b/c he died.

39
The Empire After Alexander
  • Divided among three generals
  • They ignored the traditions of the Greek polis
    and ruled as dictators
  • Cultural impact
  • Alexander adopted many Persian customs
  • Included Persians in his army
  • A new culture- blending of Greek and eastern
    emerged

40
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
  • Chapter 5
  • Section 5

41
Q 1
  • What Cultures did Hellenistic Blend
  • Why was this important to Alexander?
  • Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
  • His ambitions were not only military and
    political, but cultural. He desired to preserve
    culture. He wanted to unify his empire.

42
Q2
  • Why might the new language, Koine, be named for
    the word common?
  • It allowed educated people and traders from
    diverse backgrounds to communicate in cities
    throughout the Empire.

43
Q 3
  • It was a beautiful city with wide streets lined
    with marble statues of Greek gods. Royal
    palaces, Alexanders tomb, lighthouse, library,
    and museum (zoo, botanical gardens) were places
    to see.
  • What were some reasons why Alexandria may have
    been a popular tourist destination during the
    Hellenistic period?

44
Q 4
  • Why might Alexander have founded a library in
    Alexandria?
  • He was educated by the Greek philosopher and
    teacher Aristotle who taught him to love
    learning.

45
Q 5
  • What were two theories astronomers in Alexandria
    believed to be true?
  • The sun was at least 300 times larger than the
    earth and the earth and other planets revolved
    around the sun.

46
Q 6
  • What contributions did the following people make
    to the worlds of science and mathematics?
  • Euclid book, Elements, proposed 465 geometry
    propositions and proofs- still used today
  • Archimedes- value of pi, law of the lever, screw
    to raise water from the ground and compound
    pulleys.

47
Question 7
  • What did Stoic Philosophers believe?
  • Live a life in harmony with god and the laws of
    nature
  • Human desires, power and wealth should be
    discouraged

48
Question 8
  • What did the followers of Epicureanism believe?
  • The good Life
  • Gods with no interest in humans ruled the
    universe.
  • Greatest good comes from virtue and absence of
    pain

49
Question 9
  • How did art change during the Hellenistic Period?
  • Realism, more natural works of ordinary daily
    life and real people

50
The Romans
  • Chapter 6
  • Section 1
  • Section 2
  • Section 3
  • Section 5

51
Legend vs. Reality
  • Twins, Romulus and Remus, raised by she-wolves
    and decided to build a city near the spot they
    were abandoned by their father, the god Mars, and
    a Latin Princess.
  • Reality- spot was chosen due to its location and
    fertile soil.
  • Seven rolling hills located near the Tiber River
    in the center of the Italian Peninsula
  • Near the mid-point of the Mediterranean sea.

52
Early Settlers
  • Arrived between 1000 and 500 BC
  • Greeks, Latins and Etruscans- Latins built the
    original Rome
  • Greeks established colonies in southern Italy
    which brought them in contact with Greek culture
  • Etruscans known for metal working, writing and
    architecture

53
Early Roman Republic
  • Rome became controlled by Etruscan kings around
    600 BC
  • Last one Tarquin the Proud was a harsh dictator
  • Romans established res Republica (means public
    affairs)
  • A republic is a form of government in which power
    rests with citizens who have the right to vote
    for their leaders (Free born male citizens)

54
Roman Law
  • Tribunes- the elected representatives of the
    plebeians assembly to protect the plebeians from
    unfarir acts of patrician officials
  • The Twelve Tables
  • 451 BC- laws were carved on 12 stone tablets and
    hung in the forum (center of government)
  • Guaranteed the ideas of free citizens having
    equal protection under the law.

55
The Struggle for Power
  • Patricians- wealthy land owners
  • Had and wanted to retain most of the power
  • Inherited power based on social status
  • Held the highest government positions
  • Plebeians- commoners
  • Farmers, artisans, and merchants
  • Made the majority of the population
  • Citizens with the right to vote
  • Barred from holding the highest positions in
    government

56
What the Romans Valued
  • Their Government
  • republic
  • Their Military
  • All land owners required to serve
  • 10 years service required for some political
    offices
  • Key factors in Romes rise
  • Fighting skills
  • Military organization

57
Military Organization
We support the Infantry
Legion
Infantry 5000
Calvary
Century 80
Century 80
Century 80
Century 80
There were more of us we could move FAST!
58
The Spread of Roman Power Conquest
  • By 265 BC Rome controlled the Italian Peninsula
  • Treated conquered people differently (LENIENCY)
  • Nearest to Rome Full Citizens
  • Citizenship w/out right to vote
  • Allies of Rome- 2 conditions
  • Must supply soldiers for army
  • Can not make Allies with anyone else but Rome

59
The Spread of Roman Power Trade a Commercial
Network
  • Location, Location, Location
  • Land and Sea
  • Traded olive oil and wine for foods, raw
    materials and manufactured goods
  • Other powerful traders interfered with the access
    to the Mediterranean

60
Patricians or PlebiansMake a Venn-Diagram and
fill it in using the following
  • Could vote
  • Wealthy Aristocrats
  • Landowner, merchants, shopkeepers, farmers
  • Required to pay taxes
  • Could hold public office from the start
  • Resented lack of power
  • Elected the tribunes
  • Could not hold highest public office
  • Mandatory military service

61
Punic Wars
62
The First Punic Wars
  • Rome vs. Carthage (a civilization in N. Africa)
    over control of Mediterranean trade
  • Events
  • Control of Sicily Western Med.
  • Lasted 23 years
  • Rome won

63
Second Punic War
  • Hannibal
  • 50,000 infantry 9000 cavalry
  • 60 elephants
  • Goal Capture Rome
  • Path across Spain through the Alps
  • For 10 years his army taunted the Romans

64
The Third Punic War
  • Hannibal had been in Italy for all those years,
    but Romans held out
  • Roman general (Scipio) had a plan
  • GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY
  • Attack Carthage
  • Rome burned the city and sold 50,000 residents
    into slavery
  • made it a Roman territory control

65
The Roman Empire
  • Chapter 6
  • Section 2

66
The Collapse of the Republic
  • As the Romans expanded, their republic form of
    government gradually became unstable
  • Things that brought problems to the republic
  • Economic turmoil
  • Military Upheaval

67
Economic Turmoil and More
  • Huge gap between rich and poor, slaves were
    largest group
  • Former soldiers sell land to estates
  • They become homelessness (urban poor) or migrant
    laborers
  • Generals seized more personal power,
  • New group of soldiers (urban poor or migrants)
    rejoined the army
  • New soldiers owed allegiance to their generals
    who promise them wealth
  • The Republic is now in a position to be taken
    over by one of them

68
Military Upheaval (Review)
  • The military was once very loyal to Rome.
    (Because they were Romans)
  • They began to recruit non-Romans who fought for
    their commander who promised them things, rather
    that fighting for ROME
  • This gave the military more power, and the
    military leaders gained power too

69
Julius Caesars Rise to Power
  • He was a powerful general
  • Elected as counsel to run the government as a
    Triumvirate (Group of 3 rulers)
  • He served as counsel for 1 year
  • Appointed himself governor of Gaul

70
Julius Rise to Power (pt.2)
  • Conquered Gaul by fighting along side his
    soldiers and won their allegiance
  • People in Rome are talking about him
  • Pompey (Counsel) feared Caesar's popularity and
    ordered his legion to disband

71
Caesars Return to Rome
  • Caesar Crosses the Rubicon River and Pompey runs
    away!
  • 46 BC Caesar defeats the opposition in the senate
  • 44 BC- he was appointed dictator for life

72
Caesars Leadership as an Absolute Ruler
  • Reforms brought to the empire
  • Granted citizenship to people in provinces
  • Expanded the senate added supporters from
    throughout Italy and other region
  • Jobs for poor (public buildings)
  • Started colonies for more people to own land
  • Increased pay for soldiers

73
The Results of Reform
  • Nobles feared their own loss of power
  • Some considered him a tyrant and wanted him dead.
  • Death of Julius Caesar
  • March 15, 44 BC 23 important senators led by
    Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted to kill
    him in the senate chamber- all stabbed him to
    death

74
Pause and Review
  • Create an Acrostic with a partner for COLLAPSE
    in which you describe the end of the republic and
    formation of the Empire

75
Rome after the assassination of Julius Caesar
  • After Caesars death civil war broke out in Rome
  • Second Triumvirate came to rule consisting of
  • Octavian (Caesars adopted son)
  • Mark Antony (A general)
  • Lepidus (Powerful politician)
  • Eventually Octavian came out on top
  • Octavian took the title of Augustus which means
    exalted one or emperor

76
A Vast and Powerful Empire
  • Augustus rule ushered in the Pax Romana meaning
    Roman Peace
  • 207 years
  • Time of prosperity
  • 3 million square miles
  • Population 60-80 million
  • 1 million lived in the city of Rome

77
Aspects of Augustus rule
  • Efficient government with strong rule
  • Stabilized the frontier
  • Glorified Rome with public buildings
  • Civil service paid government workers
  • Plebeians became civil servants and eventually
    administered the empire.

78
After the death of Augustus
  • The Empire continued to remain stable (due to
    the large civil service), but he forgot to do one
    thingappoint a successor.

79
Trade and Industry
  • Trade was made possible through
  • Thriving agriculture
  • Common coinage (money)
  • Trading network of roads and shipping
  • Most important industry in Rome was agriculture
  • About 90 of Romans were farmers

80
Slavery and Society
  • About 1/3 of the population were slaves
  • Most slaves were property meaning that their
    owner could punish, reward, set free or kill
    them.
  • Society
  • Many Romans were poor
  • The government gave them entertainment
  • Gladiators

81
Religion in the Roman Empire
  • Chapter 6 Section 3
  • The Rise of Christianity

82
The Romans and The Jews
  • Roman power spread to Judea around 63 BC
  • Romans allowed the Jews to remain independent (in
    name)
  • Jews practiced their faith
  • In AD 6, Rome took control of the Jewish province
  • Many Jews believed they would be free again-
    based on the Savior God promised

83
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
  • 6-4 BC Born in the Roman Empire-
  • Raised in the Jewish tradition
  • Was a carpenter by trade
  • Ministry at age 30 preached, taught, did good
    works, performed miracles

84
Jesus Teachings
  • Ideas from the Jewish tradition
  • Monotheism
  • Ten Commandments
  • Emphasized and stressed
  • Gods personal relationship to each person
  • Love for God, neighbors, enemies and self
  • God would end wickedness
  • Eternal kingdom for those who sincerely repent
    for their sins

85
More About His Life
  • Few historical records
  • Gospels First four books of New Testament are
    the best record of his teachings
  • His fame grew as he preached and ignored wealth,
    fame, and status
  • He especially appealed to the poor

86
Jesus Death
  • Jesus claimed to be the MESSIAH- or savior-
    Jewish leaders denied this claim
  • Jewish leaders accused him of blasphemy
  • Pontius Pilate accused him of defying Roman
    authority
  • Sentenced to death by crucifixion

87
A New Religion
  • Christianity began following His death
  • Pax Romana allowed this to spread freely
  • Paul (apostle) wrote Epistles in the common
    languages of Latin and Greek clarifying the
    Christian belief system

88
Jewish Rebellion and Christian Persecution
  • Two Jewish rebellions led to the destruction of
    their holiest temple and the Diaspora- dispersal
    of Jews from their homeland will last 1800
    yrs.
  • Christians refused to worship Roman gods and were
    blamed for political and economic troubles in the
    empire.
  • Decline of Pax Romana increased persecution of
    Christians
  • Crucified, burned, fed to animals

89
A New World Religion
  • Appeals of Christianity
  • Constantine accepted Christianity
  • End of persecution of Christians in 313 AD
  • 380 AD the emperor Theodosius made Christianity
    the official religion of the empire

90
Note about section 4
  • This section was not presented as a lecture, so
    no Power Point presentation was given

91
Romes Enduring Legacy
  • Chapter 6 Section 5
  • Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

92
Greco-Roman Culture
  • A.K.A. classical civilization
  • Combination of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman
    cultures and beliefs.
  • Greece, once overcome, overcame her wild
    conqueror
  • What does this mean?

93
The Fine Arts of Rome
  • Art and literature represented Roman ideals of
    strength, permanence and solidity.
  • Learned sculpture from the Greeks, but theirs was
    more realistic
  • Art was used for public education

94
Bas Relief Sculpture
  • Carved image projecting from a flat background-
  • usually represented soldiers, crowds of people,
    or landscapes

95
Mosaics
  • Pictures or designs made by placing small stones,
    tiles, or glass onto a flat surface.

Dionysos is the god of wine
96
Painting- Frescos
  • Bright, large murals painted directly onto walls
  • Best examples are at Pompeii and were preserved
    by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius

Venus and Mars
97
Literature and Philosophy
  • Again, borrowed from the Greeks
  • Stoicism encouraged virtue, duty, moderation and
    endurance
  • Virgil poet who modeled his writing after Homer.
    Wrote the Aneid which glorified the Roman
    government

98
The Recording of Roman History
  • Livy- wrote a multivolume Roman history that
    incorporated legends and myths- not a true
    history
  • Tacitus- presented accurate facts- even when it
    was critical of the actions of some emperors

99
The Legacy of the Roman Language
  • Latin
  • Basis for education long after the fall of the
    empire and R.C.C. until the 20th century
  • Influenced Romance languages (French, Spanish,
    Portugese, Italian, Romanian and English)

100
The Legacy of Roman Architecture
  • Spectacular building (Coliseum) combined arches,
    columns and concrete
  • Thomas Jefferson models for the US capital and
    other public buildings
  • Aqueducts- water channels that brought water into
    cities
  • Roman Roads- some are still in use today

101
Influence of Roman Law
  • Their most lasting and wide-spread influence
  • Equal treatment under the law
  • Innocent until proven guilty
  • Burden of proof with accuser, not the accused
  • Punishment for actions, not thoughts
  • Set aside unreasonable or unfair laws

102
  • VENN DIAGRAM LESSON!!!
  • Use the power point to complete the Venn Diagram
    on the Unit Guide
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