The Shaping of Classical Greece 2000 B.C.

1
The Shaping of Classical Greece2000 B.C. 300
B. C.

• Chapter 5
• Section 1
• Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas

2
Geography Shapes Greek Life

• Three seas Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean
• Linked parts of Greece together
• Connected Greece to other societies
• Sea travel and trade were important due to
  Greeces lack of natural resources

3
Key Classical Greek City-States
Black Sea
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
4
Land of Rugged Mountains

• Mountains covered ¾ of Ancient Greece- only ¼ of
  the land was arable (suitable for agriculture)
• Effect on politics
• Small, local community governments- NEVER united
  into one empire
• Effect on population
• Not enough farm land to support a large
  population

5
The Climate

• Greeces climate is mild with varied, moderate
  temperatures
• This supported outdoor, public meetings which
  will shape the Greek political system

6
Civilization Develops

• Mycenaeans
• Indo-Europeans who settled in the southern
  mountains of the peninsula
• Dominated by strong warrior kings from 1600 BC to
  1100 BC
• Minoans- (Remember the island in the Med Sea!)
• Mycenaeans had contact with them after 1500 BC-
  probably through trade
• Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan language into
  Greek, and Minoan culture influenced art,
  religion, politics, and literature.

7
The Trojan War

• When?
• 1200s B.C lasted 10 years
• Once was thought to be a fictitious legend
  (archeologist discoveries of cities that may have
  influenced the stories)
• One of the last Mycenaean battles.

8
Dorians

• Represented a decline in Greek culture following
  the Trojan War
• Less advanced
• Economy and trade collapsed
• Lack of history from 1150 BC 750 BC indicated
  no form of writing
• Homer
• Blind story teller
• Narrative, heroic poems- Illiad and Odyssey
• Myths
• Traditional stories about gods and goddesses used
  to explain nature and natural events

Video
9
The Greek City States

• Chapter 5 Sections 2
• Warring City States

10
Rule and Order in the City-States

• Remember, a city-state is a city and its
  surrounding lands controlled by a strong
  government----- the Greeks did not unite into an
  empire- but a league of loosely united
  city-states
• Polis- fundamental political unit in ancient
  Greece
• 50-500 square miles
• Less than 10,000 residents
• Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) on
  the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss
  city government

11
The Acropolis in Athens Today
www.grisel.net/acropolis.htm
12
Lets Review

• Why did the population in most city-states stay
  relatively small?
• The lack of arable land
• What made it possible to have open markets and an
  acropolis?
• Climate and mountainous terrain

13
Forms of Government

• Monarchy- a single person, KING, ruled the
  government
• Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of noble,
  land-owning families.
• Oligarchy- ruled by a few powerful people a new
  class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied with
  nobles took over power
• Tyrants-powerful leaders who gained support of
  common people after agreeing to set up building
  programs and provide jobs for their supporters.

14
Question

• What is the difference between a tyrant today and
  the tyrants of ancient Greece?
• Today tyrants are considered harsh and cruel.

15
Athenian Democracy

• Athenian democracy rule by the people in Athens
• Draco- legal code- all Athenians were equal
  death was punishment for most crimes outlawed
  debt slavery
• Solon- four social classes based on wealth- only
  TOP three could hold political office all could
  participate
• Cleisthenes- divided citizens based on where they
  lived not wealth
• citizens could submit laws, council of Five
  Hundred proposed laws and counseled the Assembly
  (members were chosen at random)

16
Question

• What was citizenship based on?
• free adult male property owners could be
  citizens

17
Sparta- Military State

• Branches of government
• Citizens and elected officials general
  assembly-voted on issues
• Elders 30 older citizens that proposed the laws
  to the assembly
• 5 carried out the laws and 2 kings for military
  operations
• This is closer to a republic than a pure
  democracy.

18
Military Operations

• All men served in the army until age 60
• From age 7 30 they lived in Army barracks and
  trained
• Girls received some military training
• All put service to Sparta above everything else

• Iron weapons affordable to all
• New army of foot soldiers hoplites
• Formation called the phalanx the most feared
  force in the ancient world.
• Assisted Greeks in the Persian Wars

19
The Phalanx
20
The Golden Age

• Chapter 5 Sections 3
• Democracy and Greeces Golden Age

21
461-429 BC Pericles Plan

• Goals
• Strengthen democracy
• Hold and strengthen the empire
• Glorify Athens
• Strengthen democracy increased the number of paid
  officials Direct Democracy citizens rule
  directly, not through representatives

22
Question

• Is the US a direct democracy?
• No, we are a representative democracy

23
Art and Archetecture

• Parthenon- temple built to honor Athena (goddess
  of wisdom and protector of Athens)

(video)
24
Greek Sculpture

• Sculpture- perfectly formed figures not realism
• Classical art- harmony, order, balance, and
  proportion

25
Drama

• Tragedy- serious drama about love, hate, war or
  betrayal
• Comedy- filled with slapstick situations and
  crude humor- usually made fun of politics and
  respected people

26
Peloponnesian War (video)

• Sparta vs. Athens- 431 BC
• Sparta had a strong army, Athens had a strong
  Navy- both wanted war!
• Athens weakened (during the 2nd year b/c of a
  plague)
• 421 BC- signed a truce
• 415 BC- Athens attacked Sicily (an ally of
  Sparta)
• 404 BC- Athens is defeated in Sicily, but held
  out for 9 more years defending their city.

27
Greek Philosophy

1. Socrates- absolute truth and justice dont exist,
   question everything (Socratic Method)
2. Plato- student of Socrates The Republic (book)
   his vision of a perfectly formed society- was not
   democracy
3. Aristotle- invented rules of arguing that form
   the basis of the scientific method

28
Alexander and His Empire

• Chapter 5
• Section 4 Alexanders Empire
• Section 5 Spread of Hellenistic Culture

29
The Rise of Macedonian Power

• Reminder Greek city-states were weakened by the
  Peloponnesian War
• Location- Just north of Greece- rocky terrain and
  cold climate- Most Macedonians were animal
  herders
• Major resource- shrewd fearless kings
• Thought of themselves as Greeks
• Greeks saw them as uncivilized b/c they had no
  great philosophers, sculptors or writers.

30
Phillip II

• King at 23 years old
• Brilliant general and a ruthless politician
• Turned the peasants into a strong professional
  army
• Phalanxes (16x16) to break through enemy lines
• Fast moving cavalry to crush opponents
• Attacked easily defeated the Greeks
• City-states could not agree on anything
• Athens and Thebes united, but it was too late
• Began centuries of foreign control of Greece

31
Philips Plans

• Greece would be first
• Persia would be next
• Never was able to complete this b/c he was
  assassinated at his daughters wedding (literally
  stabbed in the back)
• Alexander proclaimed himself king
• Crushed an early rebellion by Thebes
• 6000 killed- survivors sold into slavery and the
  city was destroyed

32
Who was Alexander?

• Philips 20 year old son
• Educated by Aristotle in science, geography and
  literature
• Military training throughout his childhood by his
  father

Video
33
The Defeat of Persia

• Goal- to carry out his fathers plan
• Campaign in Anatolia
• 35,000 troops vs. 40,000 Persians
• Launched a quick attack and destroyed the Persian
  defenses of DARIUS II (King)
• Darius vows to win and an army of up to 75,000
  (Alexander was SERIOUSLY outnumbered)
• Surprise attack- straight to Darius!

34
Alexanders Conquests

• Anatolia- Darius II ran away- offered him all
  land west of the Euphrates River, Alexander
  declined and vowed to conquer all of Persia
• Egypt- welcomed him as a liberator and crowned
  him pharaoh
• Mesopotamia- Darius had 250,000 men- again they
  fled This ended the Empire

35
Was Persia Enough???

• NO WAY!!! He wanted to control ALL of Asia
• India- huge offensive- but won
• The army was tired
• 11 Years
• 11,000 miles
• Climate changes- deserts, monsoons, etc.
• BEGGED him to turn back- reluctantly he agreed

36
Alexanders Empire
37
(No Transcript)
38
Problems with Alexanders Empire

• Politics were neglected
• After agreeing to turn back he planned to
  strengthen and unify his lands
• Roads, cities, harbors
• Conquer Arabia
• Alexander never carried out his plan b/c he died.
  

39
The Empire After Alexander

• Divided among three generals
• They ignored the traditions of the Greek polis
  and ruled as dictators
• Cultural impact
• Alexander adopted many Persian customs
• Included Persians in his army
• A new culture- blending of Greek and eastern
  emerged

40
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture

• Chapter 5
• Section 5

41
Q 1

• What Cultures did Hellenistic Blend
• Why was this important to Alexander?

• Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
• His ambitions were not only military and
  political, but cultural. He desired to preserve
  culture. He wanted to unify his empire.

42
Q2

• Why might the new language, Koine, be named for
  the word common?

• It allowed educated people and traders from
  diverse backgrounds to communicate in cities
  throughout the Empire.

43
Q 3

• It was a beautiful city with wide streets lined
  with marble statues of Greek gods. Royal
  palaces, Alexanders tomb, lighthouse, library,
  and museum (zoo, botanical gardens) were places
  to see.

• What were some reasons why Alexandria may have
  been a popular tourist destination during the
  Hellenistic period?

44
Q 4

• Why might Alexander have founded a library in
  Alexandria?

• He was educated by the Greek philosopher and
  teacher Aristotle who taught him to love
  learning.

45
Q 5

• What were two theories astronomers in Alexandria
  believed to be true?

• The sun was at least 300 times larger than the
  earth and the earth and other planets revolved
  around the sun.

46
Q 6

• What contributions did the following people make
  to the worlds of science and mathematics?

• Euclid book, Elements, proposed 465 geometry
  propositions and proofs- still used today
• Archimedes- value of pi, law of the lever, screw
  to raise water from the ground and compound
  pulleys.

47
Question 7

• What did Stoic Philosophers believe?

• Live a life in harmony with god and the laws of
  nature
• Human desires, power and wealth should be
  discouraged

48
Question 8

• What did the followers of Epicureanism believe?

• The good Life
• Gods with no interest in humans ruled the
  universe.
• Greatest good comes from virtue and absence of
  pain

49
Question 9

• How did art change during the Hellenistic Period?

• Realism, more natural works of ordinary daily
  life and real people

50
The Romans

• Chapter 6
• Section 1
• Section 2
• Section 3
• Section 5

51
Legend vs. Reality

• Twins, Romulus and Remus, raised by she-wolves
  and decided to build a city near the spot they
  were abandoned by their father, the god Mars, and
  a Latin Princess.
• Reality- spot was chosen due to its location and
  fertile soil.
• Seven rolling hills located near the Tiber River
  in the center of the Italian Peninsula
• Near the mid-point of the Mediterranean sea.

52
Early Settlers

• Arrived between 1000 and 500 BC
• Greeks, Latins and Etruscans- Latins built the
  original Rome
• Greeks established colonies in southern Italy
  which brought them in contact with Greek culture
• Etruscans known for metal working, writing and
  architecture

53
Early Roman Republic

• Rome became controlled by Etruscan kings around
  600 BC
• Last one Tarquin the Proud was a harsh dictator
• Romans established res Republica (means public
  affairs)
• A republic is a form of government in which power
  rests with citizens who have the right to vote
  for their leaders (Free born male citizens)

54
Roman Law

• Tribunes- the elected representatives of the
  plebeians assembly to protect the plebeians from
  unfarir acts of patrician officials
• The Twelve Tables
• 451 BC- laws were carved on 12 stone tablets and
  hung in the forum (center of government)
• Guaranteed the ideas of free citizens having
  equal protection under the law.

55
The Struggle for Power

• Patricians- wealthy land owners
• Had and wanted to retain most of the power
• Inherited power based on social status
• Held the highest government positions
• Plebeians- commoners
• Farmers, artisans, and merchants
• Made the majority of the population
• Citizens with the right to vote
• Barred from holding the highest positions in
  government

56
What the Romans Valued

• Their Government
• republic
• Their Military
• All land owners required to serve
• 10 years service required for some political
  offices
• Key factors in Romes rise
• Fighting skills
• Military organization

57
Military Organization
We support the Infantry
Legion
Infantry 5000
Calvary
Century 80
Century 80
Century 80
Century 80
There were more of us we could move FAST!
58
The Spread of Roman Power Conquest

• By 265 BC Rome controlled the Italian Peninsula
• Treated conquered people differently (LENIENCY)
• Nearest to Rome Full Citizens
• Citizenship w/out right to vote
• Allies of Rome- 2 conditions
• Must supply soldiers for army
• Can not make Allies with anyone else but Rome

59
The Spread of Roman Power Trade a Commercial
Network

• Location, Location, Location
• Land and Sea
• Traded olive oil and wine for foods, raw
  materials and manufactured goods
• Other powerful traders interfered with the access
  to the Mediterranean

60
Patricians or PlebiansMake a Venn-Diagram and
fill it in using the following

• Could vote
• Wealthy Aristocrats
• Landowner, merchants, shopkeepers, farmers
• Required to pay taxes

• Could hold public office from the start
• Resented lack of power
• Elected the tribunes
• Could not hold highest public office
• Mandatory military service

61
Punic Wars
62
The First Punic Wars

• Rome vs. Carthage (a civilization in N. Africa)
  over control of Mediterranean trade
• Events
• Control of Sicily Western Med.
• Lasted 23 years
• Rome won

63
Second Punic War

• Hannibal
• 50,000 infantry 9000 cavalry
• 60 elephants
• Goal Capture Rome
• Path across Spain through the Alps
• For 10 years his army taunted the Romans

64
The Third Punic War

• Hannibal had been in Italy for all those years,
  but Romans held out
• Roman general (Scipio) had a plan
• GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY
• Attack Carthage
• Rome burned the city and sold 50,000 residents
  into slavery
• made it a Roman territory control

65
The Roman Empire

• Chapter 6
• Section 2

66
The Collapse of the Republic

• As the Romans expanded, their republic form of
  government gradually became unstable
• Things that brought problems to the republic
• Economic turmoil
• Military Upheaval

67
Economic Turmoil and More

• Huge gap between rich and poor, slaves were
  largest group
• Former soldiers sell land to estates
• They become homelessness (urban poor) or migrant
  laborers
• Generals seized more personal power,
• New group of soldiers (urban poor or migrants)
  rejoined the army
• New soldiers owed allegiance to their generals
  who promise them wealth
• The Republic is now in a position to be taken
  over by one of them

68
Military Upheaval (Review)

• The military was once very loyal to Rome.
  (Because they were Romans)
• They began to recruit non-Romans who fought for
  their commander who promised them things, rather
  that fighting for ROME
• This gave the military more power, and the
  military leaders gained power too

69
Julius Caesars Rise to Power

• He was a powerful general
• Elected as counsel to run the government as a
  Triumvirate (Group of 3 rulers)
• He served as counsel for 1 year
• Appointed himself governor of Gaul

70
Julius Rise to Power (pt.2)

• Conquered Gaul by fighting along side his
  soldiers and won their allegiance
• People in Rome are talking about him
• Pompey (Counsel) feared Caesar's popularity and
  ordered his legion to disband

71
Caesars Return to Rome

• Caesar Crosses the Rubicon River and Pompey runs
  away!
• 46 BC Caesar defeats the opposition in the senate
• 44 BC- he was appointed dictator for life

72
Caesars Leadership as an Absolute Ruler

• Reforms brought to the empire
• Granted citizenship to people in provinces
• Expanded the senate added supporters from
  throughout Italy and other region
• Jobs for poor (public buildings)
• Started colonies for more people to own land
• Increased pay for soldiers

73
The Results of Reform

• Nobles feared their own loss of power
• Some considered him a tyrant and wanted him dead.
• Death of Julius Caesar
• March 15, 44 BC 23 important senators led by
  Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted to kill
  him in the senate chamber- all stabbed him to
  death

74
Pause and Review

• Create an Acrostic with a partner for COLLAPSE
  in which you describe the end of the republic and
  formation of the Empire

75
Rome after the assassination of Julius Caesar

• After Caesars death civil war broke out in Rome
• Second Triumvirate came to rule consisting of
• Octavian (Caesars adopted son)
• Mark Antony (A general)
• Lepidus (Powerful politician)
• Eventually Octavian came out on top
• Octavian took the title of Augustus which means
  exalted one or emperor

76
A Vast and Powerful Empire

• Augustus rule ushered in the Pax Romana meaning
  Roman Peace
• 207 years
• Time of prosperity
• 3 million square miles
• Population 60-80 million
• 1 million lived in the city of Rome

77
Aspects of Augustus rule

• Efficient government with strong rule
• Stabilized the frontier
• Glorified Rome with public buildings
• Civil service paid government workers
• Plebeians became civil servants and eventually
  administered the empire.

78
After the death of Augustus

• The Empire continued to remain stable (due to
  the large civil service), but he forgot to do one
  thingappoint a successor.

79
Trade and Industry

• Trade was made possible through
• Thriving agriculture
• Common coinage (money)
• Trading network of roads and shipping
• Most important industry in Rome was agriculture
• About 90 of Romans were farmers

80
Slavery and Society

• About 1/3 of the population were slaves
• Most slaves were property meaning that their
  owner could punish, reward, set free or kill
  them.
• Society
• Many Romans were poor
• The government gave them entertainment
• Gladiators

81
Religion in the Roman Empire

• Chapter 6 Section 3
• The Rise of Christianity

82
The Romans and The Jews

• Roman power spread to Judea around 63 BC
• Romans allowed the Jews to remain independent (in
  name)
• Jews practiced their faith
• In AD 6, Rome took control of the Jewish province
• Many Jews believed they would be free again-
  based on the Savior God promised

83
The Life and Teachings of Jesus

• 6-4 BC Born in the Roman Empire-
• Raised in the Jewish tradition
• Was a carpenter by trade
• Ministry at age 30 preached, taught, did good
  works, performed miracles

84
Jesus Teachings

• Ideas from the Jewish tradition
• Monotheism
• Ten Commandments
• Emphasized and stressed
• Gods personal relationship to each person
• Love for God, neighbors, enemies and self
• God would end wickedness
• Eternal kingdom for those who sincerely repent
  for their sins

85
More About His Life

• Few historical records
• Gospels First four books of New Testament are
  the best record of his teachings
• His fame grew as he preached and ignored wealth,
  fame, and status
• He especially appealed to the poor

86
Jesus Death

• Jesus claimed to be the MESSIAH- or savior-
  Jewish leaders denied this claim
• Jewish leaders accused him of blasphemy
• Pontius Pilate accused him of defying Roman
  authority
• Sentenced to death by crucifixion

87
A New Religion

• Christianity began following His death
• Pax Romana allowed this to spread freely
• Paul (apostle) wrote Epistles in the common
  languages of Latin and Greek clarifying the
  Christian belief system

88
Jewish Rebellion and Christian Persecution

• Two Jewish rebellions led to the destruction of
  their holiest temple and the Diaspora- dispersal
  of Jews from their homeland will last 1800
  yrs.
• Christians refused to worship Roman gods and were
  blamed for political and economic troubles in the
  empire.
• Decline of Pax Romana increased persecution of
  Christians
• Crucified, burned, fed to animals

89
A New World Religion

• Appeals of Christianity
• Constantine accepted Christianity
• End of persecution of Christians in 313 AD
• 380 AD the emperor Theodosius made Christianity
  the official religion of the empire

90
Note about section 4

• This section was not presented as a lecture, so
  no Power Point presentation was given

91
Romes Enduring Legacy

• Chapter 6 Section 5
• Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

92
Greco-Roman Culture

• A.K.A. classical civilization
• Combination of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman
  cultures and beliefs.
• Greece, once overcome, overcame her wild
  conqueror
• What does this mean?

93
The Fine Arts of Rome

• Art and literature represented Roman ideals of
  strength, permanence and solidity.
• Learned sculpture from the Greeks, but theirs was
  more realistic
• Art was used for public education

94
Bas Relief Sculpture

• Carved image projecting from a flat background-
• usually represented soldiers, crowds of people,
  or landscapes

95
Mosaics

• Pictures or designs made by placing small stones,
  tiles, or glass onto a flat surface.

Dionysos is the god of wine
96
Painting- Frescos

• Bright, large murals painted directly onto walls
• Best examples are at Pompeii and were preserved
  by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius

Venus and Mars
97
Literature and Philosophy

• Again, borrowed from the Greeks
• Stoicism encouraged virtue, duty, moderation and
  endurance
• Virgil poet who modeled his writing after Homer.
  Wrote the Aneid which glorified the Roman
  government

98
The Recording of Roman History

• Livy- wrote a multivolume Roman history that
  incorporated legends and myths- not a true
  history
• Tacitus- presented accurate facts- even when it
  was critical of the actions of some emperors

99
The Legacy of the Roman Language

• Latin
• Basis for education long after the fall of the
  empire and R.C.C. until the 20th century
• Influenced Romance languages (French, Spanish,
  Portugese, Italian, Romanian and English)

100
The Legacy of Roman Architecture

• Spectacular building (Coliseum) combined arches,
  columns and concrete
• Thomas Jefferson models for the US capital and
  other public buildings
• Aqueducts- water channels that brought water into
  cities
• Roman Roads- some are still in use today

101
Influence of Roman Law

• Their most lasting and wide-spread influence
• Equal treatment under the law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Burden of proof with accuser, not the accused
• Punishment for actions, not thoughts
• Set aside unreasonable or unfair laws

102

• VENN DIAGRAM LESSON!!!
• Use the power point to complete the Venn Diagram
  on the Unit Guide