Transportation 2005: An Overview

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Transportation 2005 An Overview

• Presented by
• James S. Leanos, Principal
• Corporate Property Solutions, L.L.C
• And
• Henry Kay, Director of Transportation
• The Greater Baltimore Committee

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Congestion

• Traffic Congestion exists wherever there is
  sprawl, rapid population growth and unbalanced
  transportation systems.

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Possible Solution 1Additional System Capacity

• One 12 Highway Lane 2,200-2,300 cars/hr.
• One Person/Car 2,200-2,300 people/hr.
• One single-track rail guideway (also 12
  wide)gt25,000 people/hr.
• Problem ridership in rail transit
• Trend ridership has increased as congestion has
  increased

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Possible Solution 2Travel Demand Modification

• Change Travel Times, Paths, or Modes
• Congestion occurs mostly at peak hours
• Shift away from peak hours less congestion
• Possibilities
• Flex Time
• M.O.V.s (i.e., Carpools), not S.O.V.s
• TransitUsers demand good service.
• Transit User perception of transit varies
  directly with congestion.

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Possible Solution 3Travel Demand Reduction

• Tele-commuting
• 4-day Work Week
• Trip Chaining

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Possible Solution 4New Infrastructure

• New Roads
• Improved Roads, Intersections, Lanes
• Fixed Guideway TransitNew and Extended
• Dedicated Transit Lanes

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Whats Fueling Congestion?

• Historic Growth in Auto Ownership, Use and
  Vehicle Miles Travelled

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Consequences of VMT

• Each Day in the USA
• 100 Million People
• gt1 Billion Miles
• 90 in Cars
• 3 per year growth may be reducing to 2 per year
  in cars
• Freight may pick up the slack with 82 of
  shipments by truck

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Observations

• The Relationship between traffic volume and speed
  on highways in not linear.
• At higher levels of congestion, smaller VMT
  increases trigger proportionally larger
  congestion consequences.
• Therefore, even if VMT moderates, congestion will
  likely increase.

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How Roads are Funded

• TEA-21 The Transportation Equity Act for the
  21st Century
• Describes specific Highway and Transit Projects
  eligible for federal funding

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Four Basic Urban Road Functions

• Local Roads Streets
• Collectors
• Arterials
• Interstate System

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State Funding

• 70 from Highway User Fees
• Gas Tax Tolls
• 30 from
• Bond Issues
• General Fund Appropriations
• Non-highway Related Sources

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Local Funding

• General Fund Appropriations
• Property Taxes
• Local-option Transportation Taxes
• Transportation Sales Taxes

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Federal Aid

• TEA-21
• 18.4 /gallon gas-tax
• Up to 80 of the eligible costs
• Remaining contribution is state local
• Examples of TEA-21 Eligible Projects
• Interstate system/Interstate maintenance
• Surface Transportation Program (STP)
• Congestion Mitigation/Air Quality Improvement
• Transportation Enhancements

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Maryland State Transportation Revenues

• Motor Fuel Taxes
• Vehicle Titling Fees
• Registration Fees
• Corporate Income Taxes
• User Fees

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MD Transportation Revenues
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Where does Transit Fit In?

• Best fit in high density regions
• An alternative to road congestion
• Six Regions have transit ridership exceeding 10
  of total commuters
• New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C.
• Boston, San Francisco, Philadelphia
• The next 15 Regions have 3-7 share

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Transits Problems

• Low Density
• Use-segregated Development

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Transits Problems

• U of California, Berkeley
• Urban population densities they report fell 20
  percent from 1980 to 2000, from 4.5 to 3.5
  persons per urban acre. Of 281 metro areas, only
  six percent became denser over the same time
  period.

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For Transit to be Effective

• Douglas Porter, a Smart Growth advocate says
• Local and Regional Transit Services must function
  interactively with highway travel
• Investment in Transit needs to be reinforced with
  development strategies aimed at building a
  compelling market for transitthe mix of uses and
  major traffic congestion.

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Transit has changed!

• Traditional 40-60 foot bus, Articulated bus
• Light Rail
• Heavy RailMetro
• Commuter RailMARC
• Bus Rapid TransitThe Red Line?
• Small BusesHampden Shuttle
• Demand-responsive servicesMobility/Paratransit

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Transit Improvements

• Bus System Maps and Schedules at Bus Stops
• Electronic Signs announcing next bus arrival
• Electronic fareboxes with ubiquitous farecard
  availability.
• Bus transponders for signal priority

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2000 Transit Modal Share Journey to Work

• New York/New Jersey/Long Island CMSA 24.0
• Chicago/Gary/Kenosha CMSA 11.49
• Boston/Worcester/Lawrence CMSA 9.03
• Washington/Baltimore/CMSA 9.43
• Philadelphia/Wilmington/Atlantic City CMSA 8.73

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Current Topic in Transportation

• Induced Travel
• Traffic quickly fills any new road capacity
• e.g., I-270, when doubled in lanes from 6 to 12,
  quickly exceeded planned 2010 traffic levels

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Induced Travel

• Mark Hansons 1995 Study
• On average, every 10 increase in new road
  capacity spurres a 9 increase in new traffic
  volume within 3-4 years
• These are new trips that would not have been
  taken without new road capacity.

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Induced Travel

• Not building roads not a viable option, Cervero
  study in California
• Cervero found that Induced Demand does exist, but
  at a lower rate that earlier studies found
• 40 in 3 4 years
• Increased capacity benefit lasts 10 15 years

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Congestion Pricing

• Highway user fees according to the level of
  congestion in a specific section of road
• Similar to peak load airline or electric pricing
• Encourages Mode-shift or Time-shift.
• FHWA calls it Value Pricing
• Discussed for ICC and possibly I-95

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HOT Lanes

• High Occupancy Travel
• Solo or 2-passenger cars are allowed to buy
  access to HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) express
  lanes that are free or discounted
• Another approach, all lanes on a toll road are
  charged in accordance with level of congestionno
  unpriced or express lanes.
• Possible with EZ-Pass style toll collection.

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FAIR Lanes

• Non Express Lane drivers get a credit for not
  using express lanes while Express Lane drivers
  pay a surcharge
• Alternatively, credits could be applied to
  transit fares or commuter park-and-ride lot fees

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Equity Issues

• HOT Lanes Lexus Lanes Unfair?
• Encourages Car Pooling as price increases
• Pay for themselves and generate additional
  revenues
• Not as comprehensive or equitable as Gas Tax,
  particularly for Gas Guzzlers and their effect on
  Global Warming

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Desperation Fuels Innovation

• Atlanta MARTA, HOT Lanes, TOD's
• Dallas Commuter Rail DART LRT
• Denver Commuter Rail LRT
• San Jose Commuter Rail LRT and Buses
• Charlotte Integrated Transit/Land Use
• Phoenix Aztec ITS

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Vancouver, BC Does It All!www.translink.bc.ca

• Translink GVTA, a true regional approach--
• Based upon goals of GVRD Livable Region Strategic
  Plan
• An all-in regional Authority handling Roads,
  Goods Movement, Bridges, Ferries, Buses, BRT,
  Light Rail, SkyTrain (high-speed rail), and
  Commuter Rail

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Wheres the Moolah?
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Wheres the Moolah?

• Gas Tax 32.9
• Vehicle Tax 21.5
• Tolls 8.1
• Levies General Funds 4.2
• Misc 2.8
• Bond Proceeds 0.0
• Federal Payments 26.9
• Local Payments 0.1

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Wheres the Moolah?

• Transit fund sources

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Wheres the Moolah?
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Wheres the Moolah?
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Wheres the Moolah?
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Wheres the Moolah?
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Wheres the Moolah?
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Smart Growth Transportation

• As of 2003, it was estimated that 78 billion
  per year is wasted, both in lost time and burned
  gasoline, because of congestion.
• 7 billion of extra fuel is blamed on these
  delays, enough to keep more than half the
  vehicles in California the third largest fuel
  consumer in the world on the road for an entire
  year!
• In 1999, the average USA motorist spent 36 hours
  /week stuck in traffic, with no financial benefit
  resulting from it.
• Source, NAR

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Smart Growth Transportation

• Smart Growth, in a transportation context,
  results in reduced dependence on only one form of
  transportation, and environmentally friendly
  transport choices.

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Smart Growth Transportation

• Transit-using cities are correlated to their
  densities. New York, London, Paris, Shanghai,
  Hong Kong and Tokyo are among the most
  transit-dependent cities.
• Baltimore City is among the five most densely
  populated cities in the USA, thereby making it
  fertile ground for improved transit use rates.
  We already succeed in ridership rates among our
  peer cities however, its not a transit of
  choice, but a transit of necessity.

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Smart Growth Transportation

• The challenge is to improve the performance and
  operations of transit while invoking land-use
  standards, expectations, and regulations which
  concentrate density around transit systems. We
  must think in terms of Transit Oriented
  Development.

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New Behaviors/Technologies

• As an example of behavior modification, if we
  used the funds expended by the USA in its Iraq
  campaign to buy Toyota Priuss for Americans, we
  would eliminate a need or 1/3rd of the potential
  oil output of Iraq by replacing the related
  vehicle fleet and directly reduce the USA oil
  import requirements and thereby similarly reduce
  carbon dioxide emissions.

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The TEA-21 Toolkit

• Bicycle and Pedestrian Walkway Projects
• Budgetary Firewall for Highway and Transit
  Funds
• Clean Fuels Grant Program
• Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement
  Program (CMAQ)
• Demonstration Projects Congressional
  Identification

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• Environmental Streamlining
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
• Federal Highway Trust Fund
• Highways
• Mass Transit
• Federal Transit Administration
• Ferry Boat Programs
• Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicle Garvee
  Bonds Proposed to fund the ICC

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• High-speed Rail Program
• Intelligent Transportation Systems Program
• Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
  (ISTEA) precursor to TEA-21
• Job Access Grants
• MAGLEV Technology Deployment Program gt240 MPH

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• Federal Matching Requirements now approaching
  50 local match, though originally 20
• Mimimum Guarantee ensures state receive 90.5
  on their contributions to the federal highway
  trust with 1 million minimum.
• Metro Planning Process cooperative, continuous,
  and comprehensive

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• National Corridor Planning and Development
  Program National Significance for USA economic
  growth
• National Highway System Program includes
  Interstate Program and NHS
• National Scenic Byways Program
• New Starts fixed guideways
• Reverse Commute Grants Suburban Centers

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• State Infrastructure Banks (SIB) Program Below
  Market Rate subordinate loans, interest rate
  buy-downs on third party loans, guarantees and
  credit enhancement
• Statewide Planning Process
• Surface Transportation Program (STP)
• Transferability of Highway Program e.g., 100
  of NHS to STP, up to 50 of NHS and Interstate
  Maint. To Congestion Mitigation and AQI Program

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• Transit Benefits employee parking and
  transit/van-pool
• Transit Investment Capital Grants Loans
• Transit Enhancement Program 1 set-aside for
  urbanized areas of gt200,000 9 eligible project
  areas
• Transit Revenue Bonds per TEA-21, can be used as
  part of local matching funds

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• Transit Urbanized Area Formula (Operating) Grants
  Program gt50,000, lt200,000. PM in gt200,000.
• Transportation Community System Preservation
  Pilot Program High growth areas, urban growth
  boundaries to guide metro expansion, green
  corridors.
• Transportation Enhancements Non-traditional
  projects to strengthen intermodal systems

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TEA-21 Toolkit

• Transportation Infrastructure Finance
  Innovation Act (TIFIA) Federal credit
  assistance for project of critical national
  importance, e.g., intermodal, border crossings,
  multi-state trade corridors
• Value Pricing Program Experimental, e.g., HOT
  Lanes, etc.

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The MPO Process

• MPT Metropolitan Planning Organization the
  Baltimore Metropolitan Councils Baltimore
  Regional Transportation Board
• Established by agreement with the Governor of
  Maryland
• Require
• Long Range Plan, e.g., Transportation 2020
• 5-year update cycle (3-years in non-attainment
  areas)
• Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)
• 3-year cycle, 2-year update, including congestion
  management

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The MPO Process

• Project must be in TIP to receive federal funds
• No Pie in Sky only those with identifiable
  funding sources
• From MPO TIP ? State TIP
• State may impose addl planning requirements
• MPOs rarely administer federal funds
  Exceptions, Portlands MTRO and Bay Area MTC

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The MPO Process

• MPO must have proactive, inclusive Public
  Involvement Process, ensuring far-reaching
  impacts of transportation investment decisions
  are adequately considered
• CAC, of which JSL is representative for GBBR
• Environmental Equity

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The MPO Process

• 7 Required Areas
• Economic Vitality of metro area
• Safety and security of transportation System
• Accessibility and mobility for people freight
• Environmental Protection, energy conservation,
  quality of life
• Integration/Connectivity of Transportation system
• Efficient system management/operation
• Preservation of the existing system