Properties of Matter

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Properties of Matter
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Substances

• A substance is matter that is uniform and
  unchanging.
• Examples salt, pure water, Dr. Pepper

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Physical Properties of Matter

• A physical property is a characteristic that can
  be observed or measured without changing the
  object.
• Examples density, color, shape, size, odor,
  hardness, melting point, boiling point

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Extensive and Intrinsic Properties

• Extensive properties are dependent upon the
  amount of substance present.
• Example mass
• Intensive properties are independent of the
  amount of matter present.
• Example density or color

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Extrinsic (A) or Intrinsic (B)?
A. Extrinsic

• Volume
• Length
• Smell
• Texture

A. Extrinsic
B. Intrinsic
B. Intrinsic
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Chemical Property

• A chemical property is how it changes or combines
  with other substances.
• Example iron forming rust

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• All matter takes up space and has mass, yet
  matter can exist in different states.
• There are three main states of matter
• 1. Solid
• 2. Liquid
• 3. Gas

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Energy
E ENERGY
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Solids

• Every solid has a definite volume and a definite
  shape.

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Liquids

• A liquid flows and takes the shape of its
  container.
• Liquid matter has a definite volume but no
  definite shape.

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Gases

• Gases expand or contract to fill the space
  available to them. They can also compress to
  fill smaller spaces.
• A gas has neither a definite shape or a definite
  volume.

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A Solid B Gas C Liquid D Plasma E -
Energy

• 1. State of matter found in stars
• 2. State of matter with a fixed volume, but no
  fixed shape.
• 3. State of matter with no fixed volume or shape.
• 4. State of matter with a fixed volume and shape

D
C
B
A
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Changes in Matter
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Physical Changes

• Physical changes are about energy and states of
  matter.
• When you step on a can and crush it, you have
  forced a physical change. The shape of the object
  has changed. It wasn't a change in the state of
  matter, but something changed.

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Chemical Changes

• A chemical change involves one or more substances
  changing into a new substance.
• When iron (Fe) rusts you can see it happen. The
  actual molecules have changed their structure
  (the iron oxidized).

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Conservation of Mass

• The Law of Conservation of Mass says that mass
  can neither be created nor destroyed.
• Massreactants Massproducts

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Mixtures of Matter
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Matter is divided into 2 categories

• Pure Substances
• Mixtures

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Pure Substances

• Element
• composed of identical atoms
• EX copper wire, aluminum foil

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Pure Substances

• Compound
• composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
• properties differ from those of individual
  elements
• EX table salt (NaCl)

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Mixture

• A mixture is a combination of two or more pure
  substances - each retaining its own specific
  properties.
• The components of a mixture can be separated by
  physical means, i.e. without the making and
  breaking of chemical bonds.
• Examples Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in
  water, milk, wood, and concrete.

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There are two types of mixtures

• Heterogeneous- mixture is not the same from place
  to place.
• Chocolate chip cookie, gravel, soil.

• Homogeneous- same composition throughout.
• Kool-aid, air, brass.

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P r o p e r t i e s o f M i x t u r e s

• E a c h s u b s t a n c e r e t a i n s
  i t s o w n p r o p e r t i e s .
• S u b s t a n c e s c a n b e
  p r e s e n t i n a n y a m o u n t .
  
• S u b s t a n c e s c a n b e
  s e p a r a t e d b y s i m p l e
  p h y s i c a l m e a n s.

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Homogeneous Mixtures

• Mixture in which the properties and composition
  are uniform throughout the sample. Such mixtures
  are termed solutions.Examples Air and table
  salt thoroughly dissolved in water.

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Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Mixture in which the properties and composition
  are not uniform throughout the sample.Examples
  Milk, wood, and concrete.

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Alloy

• Alloys are basically a mixture of two or more
  metals.
• While steel is already an alloy that is a very
  strong metal, the addition of small amounts of
  the other metals help steel resist rusting.
  Depending on what element is added, you could
  create Stainless Steel or Galvanized Steel.

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Mixtures

• Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.

Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
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Mixtures

• colloid
• suspension
• colloid
• solution
• suspension

• Examples
• mayonnaise
• muddy water
• fog
• saltwater
• Italian salad dressing

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Decide if the substance is Element (A), Compound
(B), or Mixture (C)?
1. Water
B. Compound
B. Compound
2. Table Salt
A. Element
3. Oxygen
C. Mixture
4. Dirt
C. Mixture/Solution
5. Air
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Lets try a few more!
6. Copper
A. Element
C. Solution/Mixture
7. Soda
C. Solution/Mixture
8. Steel
C. Mixture
9. Acid Rain
C. Mixture
10. Vanilla Ice-cream
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Separating Mixtures

• Filtration is often used to separate the solid
  and liquid parts of a suspension. The liquid part
  is called the filtrate. The solid that remains on
  the filter paper is called the residue.

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Distillation

• Distillation separates two substances based on
  the differences of their boiling points.
• The substance with the lowest boiling point will
  condense and can be collected, which then
  separates the two substances.

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Crystallization

• A technique that results in the formation of a
  solid substance from a solution.
• Example rock candy

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Chromatography

• Chromatography is a method for analyzing complex
  mixtures (such as ink) by separating them into
  the chemicals from which they are made.
• Chromatography is used to separate and identify
  all sorts of substances in police work. Drugs
  from narcotics to aspirin can be identified in
  urine and blood samples, often with the aid of
  chromatography.

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Elements and Compounds
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Elements

• Elements are pure substances that cannot be
  separated into simpler substances.
• The elements are listed on the periodic table.
• Ex copper, oxygen, nitrogen, gold, etc.

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The Periodic Table

• A Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, began
  arranging the elements by their similarities and
  their masses.

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Compounds

• A compound is a combination of two or more
  elements.
• Ex water, salt, carbon dioxide
• Compounds can be broken down into simpler
  substances by chemical means.

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Law of Definite Proportions

• A compound is always composed of the same
  elements in the same proportions by mass.
• Percent by mass () mass of element x 100
• mass of compound