Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care

1
Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care

• Chapter 11
• The Endocrine System

2
Objectives

• Compare the similarities between the endocrine
  and nervous systems
• Compare the major chemical classes of hormones
• Explain the general mechanisms of hormonal action
• Describe how endocrine organs are controlled

3
Objectives

• Discuss the location, hormones, and functions of
  the following glands and tissues pituitary,
  thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, kidneys,
  heart, pancreas, testes, ovaries, and pineal
  gland
• Explain how hormones interact to produce
  coordinated physiological responses

4
Objectives

• Identify the hormones that are especially
  important to normal growth, and discuss their
  roles
• Explain how the endocrine system responds to
  stress
• Discuss the results of abnormal hormone
  production
• Discuss the functional relationships between the
  endocrine system and other body systems

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An Overview of the Endocrine System
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An Overview of the Endocrine System

• Structure of Hormones
• Hormones and the Cell Membrane
• Hormones and Intracellular Receptors

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An Overview of the Endocrine System

• Control of Endocrine Activity
• Direct Negative Feedback Control
• Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulation

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The Pituitary Gland

• Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Hypophyseal Portal System
• Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary
• Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• TSH
• ACTH
• FSH
• LH
• PRL
• GH
• MSH

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Anatomy and Orientation of the Pituitary Gland
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Hypophyseal Portal System
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Feedback and Control of Endocrine Secretions
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The Pituitary Gland

• The Posterior Pituitary Gland
• ADH
• Oxytocin

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Pituitary Hormones and their Targets
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The Thyroid Gland

• Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones
• The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland Calcitonin

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Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion
Concentrations
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The Parathyroid Glands

• PTH

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The Thymus

• Relatively enormous in newborns
• Reaches maximum size just before puberty
• Thymosins
• Key role in development and maintenance of normal
  immunological defenses

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The Adrenal Glands

• The Adrenal Cortex
• Corticosteroids
• Mineralcorticoids
• Androgens
• The Adrenal Medulla

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The Kidneys

• Calcitriol
• Erythropoietin
• Renin

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The Heart

• Cardiac muscle cells in right atrium
• Atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)

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Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System

• The Pancreas
• Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations

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Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations
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Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System

• The Testes
• Interstitial cells
• Androgens
• Testosterone
• Sustentacular cells
• The Ovaries
• Follicles
• Estrogens
• Corpus luteum
• Progesterone

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The Pineal Gland

• Melatonin
• Slows the timing of sexual maturity
• Acts as an antioxidant
• Establishes day-night cycles of activity

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Patterns of Hormonal Interaction

• Hormones and Growth
• Growth hormones
• Thyroid hormones
• Insulin
• Parathyroid hormone
• Gonadal hormones
• Hormones and Behavior
• Hormones and Aging

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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Integration with other Systems
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Summary
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Emergency Care Applications

• Chapter 11

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Overview of the Many Facets of Endocrine Systems
Disorders
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Diabetes Mellitus

• Type I Diabetes Mellitus
• Type II Diabetes Mellitus
• Emergency Complications of Diabetes
• Hypoglycemia (Insulin Shock)
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetic Coma)
• Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma

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Intravenous Glucose Administration
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Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

• Graves Disease
• Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)
• Hypothyroidism and Myxedema

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Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
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Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

• Hyperadrenalism (Cushings Syndrome)
• Adrenal Insufficiency (Addisons Disease)

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Summary