Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care

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Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care

• Chapter 8
• Neural Tissue and the Central Nervous System

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The Nervous System

• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Afferent division
• Efferent division
• Somatic Nervous system
• Autonomic Nervous System

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Functional Overview of the Nervous System
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Anatomy of a Multipolar Neuron
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Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue

• Neurons
• Functional Classification of Neurons
• Sensory Neurons
• Motor Neurons
• Interneurons
• General Structure of Neurons
• Structural Classification of Neurons
• Neuroglia
• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Ependymal cells
• Schwann cells

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Structural Classification of Neurons
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Neuroglia in the CNS
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Schwann Cells and Peripheral Axons
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Neurophysiology

• The Membrane Potential
• Factors Responsible for the Membrane Potential
• Changes in the Membrane Potential
• Graded Potentials
• Action Potential
• The Generation of an Action Potential
• Conduction of an Action Potential
• Demyelination

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The Cell Membrane at the Resting Potential
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An Action Potential
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Conduction of Action Potentials over Unmyelinated
and Myelinated
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Synaptic Communication

• Structure of a Synapse
• Presynaptic neurons
• Postsynaptic neurons
• Synaptic cleft

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Synaptic Events and Neurotransmitters

• Step 1
• Step 2
• Step 3
• Step 4
• Acetylcholine (Ach)
• Norepinephrine
• Dopamine
• GABA
• Serotonin

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Neuronal Pools

• Divergence
• Convergence
• Parallel Processing

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Introduction to Reflexes

• The Reflex Arc

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Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System
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Anatomy of the Nervous System

• The Meninges
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid
• Pia mater
• Blood Brain Barrier

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The Spinal Cord

• Gross Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy

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Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
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The Brain

• Major Divisions of the Brain
• Ventricles of the Brain
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• The Cerebrum
• Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres
• Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex
• Association Areas
• Cortical Connections
• Cerebral Processing Centers
• General interpretive Area
• Speech Center
• Prefrontal Cortex
• Memory
• Hemispheric Specialization
• Electroencephalogram

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The Brain
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The Brain

• Ventricles of the Brain

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The Brain

• Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

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The Brain

• Cerebral Hemisphere

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The Brain

• Hemispheric Specialization

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The Brain

• Cerebral nuclei
• Caudate nucleus
• Amygdaloid body

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The Brain

• Limbic System

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The Brain

• The Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• The Midbrain
• The Pons
• The Cerebellum
• The Medulla Oblongata

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Aging and the Nervous System

• Reduction in brain size and weight
• Reduction in the number of neurons
• Decrease in blood flow to the brain
• Changes in synaptic organization of the brain
• Intracellular and extracellular changes in the
  CNS neurons

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Summary
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Emergency Care Applications

• Chapter 8

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Medical Disorders of the Nervous System

• Cerebrovascular Accident (Brain Attack)
• Transient Ischemic Attacks
• Seizure Disorders

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Nervous System Infections

• Meningitis
• Viral Meningitis
• Unusual Forms of Meningitis
• Parasitic Brain Infections
• Brain Abscess
• Encephalitis
• Prion Disease

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Headache

• Migraine Headache
• Cluster Headache
• Tension Headache

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Neurological Trauma

• Blunt Trauma
• Diffuse Injuries
• Focal Injuries
• Penetrating Trauma
• Spinal Cord Injuries
• Cord concussion
• Cord contusion
• Cord compression
• Cord laceration
• Complete transection
• Incomplete transection
• Cord hemorrhage

• Spinal Cord Syndromes
• Anterior cord syndrome
• Central-cord syndrome
• Brown-Sequard syndrome
• Spinal shock

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Neurological Trauma
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Focal Injuries
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Penetrating Trauma
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Spinal Cord Injuries
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Summary