Biochemistry

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Biochemistry
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Organic Molecules

• Molecules that have a carbon skeleton and
  covalent carbon-hydrogen bonds

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Carbon

• Can form 4 covalent bonds

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Carbon

• Allows for molecular diversity in shape and length

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Isomers

• Isomers- Molecules with same atoms but different
  arrangement and properties

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Functional Groups

• Groups of atoms that give a molecule specific
  properties

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Hydroxyl

• Alcohols

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Carbonyl

• Ketones, formaldehyde

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Carboxyl

• Organic Acids

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Amino

• Amino Acids

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Sulfhydryl

• Found in proteins

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Phosphate

• Phospholipids, Nucleotides

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Building Macromolecules

• Monomers- Small organic molecules that can be
  linked together
• Polymers- Big things (monomers linked together)

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Building

• Condensation (dehydration synthesis) connects 2
  molecules.
• One molecule loses an H, the other loses an OH
• One water molecule is formed

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Taking Apart

• Hydrolysis- Breaking down a polymer
• Requires a water molecule

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Four Main Classes

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and their related compounds
• Oxygen and Hydrogen in a 12 ratio
• Energy stores or structure
• Most end in -ose

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Monosaccharide

• Simple Sugars
• Contain 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms

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Monosaccharide

• Deoxyribose
• Five carbons
• In Nucleic Acids
• Glucose
• Six carbons
• Energy

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Disaccharides

• Two monosaccharides
• Ex. lactose and sucrose

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Polysaccharide

• Glycogen- Energy storage in animals
• Starch- Energy storage in plants
• Cellulose- Cell walls in plants
• Chitin- Amino Sugars used in exoskeletons

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Polysaccharides

• Polymers made of monosaccharides

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Lipids

• Nonpolar
• Mostly carbon and hydrogen
• Excellent in storing energy
• Also used in membranes and waterproof surfaces

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Fatty Acids

• Saturated
• Monounsaturated
• Polyunsaturated

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Triglycerides

• Three Fatty Acids PLUS One Glycerol
• Fats- have mostly saturated fatty acids (can be
  packed closer, so they are solid)
• Oils- Unsaturated fatty acids (kinks make them
  liquid)

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Triglycerides
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Wax

• One long fatty acid connected to one long alcohol
• Waterproof

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Steroids
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• Some Hormones
• In Cell Membranes

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Phospholipids

• Two Fatty Acid Tails AND One Phosphate Group

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Phospolipids

• Tails- Hydrophobic (water hating)
• Head- Hydrophilic (water loving)

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA and RNA
• Made of nucleotides
• Pentose sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen base (A, T, G, C, U)

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Nitrogen Bases

• Purines (2 rings) Adenine and Guanine
• Pyrimidines (1 ring) Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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Nucleotides

• Also act as coenzymes
• ATP, GTP

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Proteins

• More than 50 of the dry weight of an organism
• Made of amino acids

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Amino Acids

• Amino Group
• Carboxyl Group
• Hydrogen Atom
• R group (20 different)

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Proteins

• Amino Acids connected by Peptide Bonds
• Dipeptide
• Polypeptide

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Protein Structure

• Primary- Chain of amino acids
• Secondary- Due to H-Bonds between amino acids

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Protein Structure

• Tertiary- Active Shape
• H-Bonds between R-groups
• Ionic Bonds between R- groups
• Nonpolarity (pushed together by water)
• Sulfur bridges (covalent bond between 2
  cysteines)
• Van der waals attractions

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Protein Structure

• Quarternary Structure
• Joining of two or more polypeptide chains

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Groups

• Catalysts- Enzymes
• Structural- for support hair, silk, connective
  tissue
• Storage- source of amino acids for young

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Groups

• Transport- of other substances
• Hormonal- coordinates and directs regulation of
  organisms
• Receptors- decide what comes in/out of cells

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Groups

• Transcription factors- tells cells what to make
• Motor- make up muscles, cilia, flagella, etc
• Defensive- antibodies

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Enzymes

• Organic Catalysts
• Lower Activation Energy
• May need a coenzyme in order to function

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Factors affecting enzymes

• Do the Lab!!!

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Inhibition

• Competitive- fight for the active site

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Inhibition

• Noncompetitive- inhibitor binds somewhere else
  (allosteric site)
• Allosteric Enzyme- active site changes

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Why?

• Control Metabolism
• Feedback
• On/Off Switches