14'5 The Scientific Revolution

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14.5 The Scientific Revolution
Clockwise from top left is a collage of Kepler,
Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Descartes, and
Ptolemy.
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I. Changing views of the universe
Until mid-1500s, Ptolemys theory that Earth was
the center of the universe was widely accepted
Ptolemy placed Earth at the center of the
universe, with the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn circling our planet.
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I. Changing views of the universe
1543 - Nicholas Copernicus proposed a
heliocentric model of the universe
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I. Changing views of the universe
His theory - the sun is the center of the
universe and Earth revolves around it was
rejected by many
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I. Changing views of the universe
Tycho Brahe studied the movement of planets and
gave evidence that supported the theory
Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546 1601)is
chiefly remembered for his meticulous
observations made with instruments of his own
design before the advent of the telescope
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I. Changing views of the universe
Johannes Kepler used Brahes work to calculate
the orbits of the planets
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) is now chiefly
remembered for discovering the three laws of
planetary motion that bear his name published in
1609 and 1619
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I. Changing views of the universe
Galileo Galilei made the first telescope and
observed the moons of Jupiter revolving around
the planet
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) uses a telescope, one
of the central instruments of the Scientific
Revolution of the 17th century, to study the
heavens.
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I. Changing views of the universe
While proving Copernicus theory, it went against
Church teachings
I do not feel obliged to believe that the same
god who has endowed us with sense, reason and
intellect has intended us to forgo their use.
                      Galileo
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I. Changing views of the universe
Galileo went before the Inquisition and was
forced to recant or face death
In 1633 the Inquisition convicted him of heresy
and forced him to recant (publicly withdraw) his
support of Copernicus. They sentenced him to life
imprisonment, but because of his advanced age
allowed him serve his term under house arrest at
his villa outside of Florence, Italy.
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II. A new scientific method
By the 1600s, a new approach to science emerged
based on observation and experimentation
The Scientific Method 1. State the
problem 2. Gather information 3. Form a
hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Record/analyze
data 6. State a conclusion 7. Repeat the steps
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II. A new scientific method
Two of the leading researchers were Francis Bacon
(England) and Rene Descartes (France)
Rene Descartes 1596 - 1650
Francis Bacon 1561 - 1626
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II. A new scientific method
Bacon emphasized experimentation and observation
Descartes stressed human reasoning
Discourse on Method of Rightly Conducting
Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences
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III. Newton ties it all together
Isaac Newton formed a theory to explain the
motion of the planets
Sir Isaac Newton, 1624-1727
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III. Newton ties it all together
Newton made the connection between gravity and
the planets movement
According to legend, Isaac Newton discovered
gravity when he saw an apple fall from a tree
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III. Newton ties it all together
Newton believed gravity kept the planets in their
orbits around the sun
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III. Newton ties it all together
Newton believed nature follows uniform laws - all
motion in the universe could be measured and
described mathematically
The Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(Latin "mathematical principles of natural
philosophy" often Principia or Principia
Mathematica for short) is a three-volume work by
Isaac Newton published on July 5, 1687. The
Principia is widely regarded as one of the most
important scientific works ever written.
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III. Newton ties it all together
Newtons work led to a new branch of mathematics
called calculus
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IV. Other Scientific Advances
Significant advances occurred in chemistry and
medicine
The Four Humors
Alchemy
Galen
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IV. Other Scientific Advances
Robert Boyle was instrumental as chemistry
evolved from the magic of alchemy to a science
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IV. Other Scientific Advances
Medical firsts - First accurate and detailed
study of human anatomy - First use of stitches
- First description of the circulatory
system - First microscope
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IV. Other Scientific Advances
The Scientific Revolution led to the Age of
Enlightenment and a growing belief in human
progress