Chapter Four

1
Chapter Four

• Socialization

2
Socialization

• The process by which people learn the attitudes,
  behaviors, values, etc deemed appropriate and
  acceptable for members of a particular society

3
Nature vs Nurture

• Harry Harlow

4
Nature vs Nurture

• Harry Harlow
• Conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys raised
  in isolation

5
Nature vs Nurture

• Harry Harlow
• Conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys raised
  in isolation
• Used artificial mothers - one cloth-covered, one
  wire-covered rigged to provide milk

6
Nature vs Nurture

• Harry Harlow
• Conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys raised
  in isolation
• Used artificial mothers - one cloth-covered, one
  wire-covered rigged to provide milk
• Monkeys went to wire-covered mother for
  nourishment, but when frightened, went to
  cloth-covered mother for comfort

7
Nature vs Nurture

• Minnesota Twin Family Study

8
Nature vs Nurture

• Minnesota Twin Family Study
• Finds that genetic and environmental factors
  shape human development

9
Minnesota Twin Study
10
The Self

• The distinct identity that sets us apart from
  others

11
The Self - Cooley

• Charles Horton Cooley

12
The Self - Cooley

• Charles Horton Cooley
• Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of
  social interactions

13
The Self - Cooley

• Charles Horton Cooley
• Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of
  social interactions
• 3 stages

14
The Self - Cooley

• Charles Horton Cooley
• Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of
  social interactions
• 3 stages
• We imagine how we present ourselves to others

15
The Self - Cooley

• Charles Horton Cooley
• Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of
  social interactions
• 3 stages
• We imagine how we present ourselves to others
• We imagine how others evaluate us

16
The Self - Cooley

• Charles Horton Cooley
• Looking-Glass Self - self is the product of
  social interactions
• 3 stages
• We imagine how we present ourselves to others
• We imagine how others evaluate us
• We develop some sort of feeling about ourselves

17
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead

18
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead
• Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking

19
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead
• Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking
• 3 stages

20
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead
• Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking
• 3 stages
• Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around
  them begin to understand and use symbols

21
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead
• Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking
• 3 stages
• Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around
  them begin to understand and use symbols
• Play Stage - children become more aware of
  relationships pretend to be other people (role
  taking)

22
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead
• Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking
• 3 stages
• Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around
  them begin to understand and use symbols
• Play Stage - children become more aware of
  relationships pretend to be other people (role
  taking)
• Game Stage - children grasp their own social
  positions grasp positions of others around them

23
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead
• Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking
• 3 stages
• Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around
  them begin to understand and use symbols
• Play Stage - children become more aware of
  relationships pretend to be other people (role
  taking)
• Game Stage - children grasp their own social
  positions grasp positions of others around them
• Generalized Other - the views, attitudes,
  expectations, etc of society as a whole that
  children consider in his or her behavior

24
The Self - Mead

• George Herbert Mead
• Linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking
• 3 stages
• Preparatory Stage - children imitate those around
  them begin to understand and use symbols
• Play Stage - children become more aware of
  relationships pretend to be other people (role
  taking)
• Game Stage - children grasp their own social
  positions grasp positions of others around them
• Generalized Other - the views, attitudes,
  expectations, etc of society as a whole that
  children consider in his or her behavior
• Significant Other - those individuals who are
  most important in the development of the Self

25
The Self - Goffman

• Many of our daily activities involve attempts to
  convey impressions of who we are

26
The Self - Goffman

• Many of our daily activities involve attempts to
  convey impressions of who we are
• Impression management - altering of the
  presentation of the Self

27
The Self - Goffman

• Many of our daily activities involve attempts to
  convey impressions of who we are
• Impression management - altering of the
  presentation of the Self
• Face-work - the struggle to maintain an
  impression in difficult situations

28
The Self - Freud

• Stressed the significance of inborn drives -
  especially those for sex and aggression - in
  shaping our behavior

29
The Self - Freud

• Stressed the significance of inborn drives -
  especially those for sex and aggression - in
  shaping our behavior
• Believed, like Cooley and Mead, that the Self is
  a social product

30
The Self - Freud

• Stressed the significance of inborn drives -
  especially those for sex and aggression - in
  shaping our behavior
• Believed, like Cooley and Mead, that the Self is
  a social product
• However, also argued that the Self has aspects
  that work in conflict with each other

31
The Self - Freud

• Stressed the significance of inborn drives -
  especially those for sex and aggression - in
  shaping our behavior
• Believed, like Cooley and Mead, that the Self is
  a social product
• However, also argued that the Self has aspects
  that work in conflict with each other
• Our natural impulses come into conflict with
  social limitations on behaviors and our rational
  being

32
The Self - Piaget

• Cognitive theory of development

33
The Self - Piaget

• Cognitive theory of development
• 4 stages

34
The Self - Piaget

• Cognitive theory of development
• 4 stages
• Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make
  discoveries

35
The Self - Piaget

• Cognitive theory of development
• 4 stages
• Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make
  discoveries
• Preoperational - children begin to use words and
  symbols to distinguish objects and ideas

36
The Self - Piaget

• Cognitive theory of development
• 4 stages
• Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make
  discoveries
• Preoperational - children begin to use words and
  symbols to distinguish objects and ideas
• Concrete operational - children engage in logical
  thinking

37
The Self - Piaget

• Cognitive theory of development
• 4 stages
• Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make
  discoveries
• Preoperational - children begin to use words and
  symbols to distinguish objects and ideas
• Concrete operational - children engage in logical
  thinking
• Formal operational - adolescents become capable
  of sophisticated abstract thought

38
The Self - Piaget

• Cognitive theory of development
• 4 stages
• Sensorimotor - children use their senses to make
  discoveries
• Preoperational - children begin to use words and
  symbols to distinguish objects and ideas
• Concrete operational - children engage in logical
  thinking
• Formal operational - adolescents become capable
  of sophisticated abstract thought
• Cognitive development linked to moral development

39
The Life Course

• Rites of passage - ceremonies that celebrate the
  changes in a persons status

40
The Life Course

• Rites of passage - ceremonies that celebrate the
  changes in a persons status
• Taboo

41
The Life Course

• Anticipatory socialization - processes of
  socialization in a which a person rehearses for
  future positions

42
The Life Course

• Anticipatory socialization - processes of
  socialization in a which a person rehearses for
  future positions
• Ex - high school students applying for college

43
The Life Course

• Anticipatory socialization - processes of
  socialization in a which a person rehearses for
  future positions
• Ex - high school students applying for college
• Resocialization - process of discarding former
  behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part
  of life transitions

44
The Life Course

• Anticipatory socialization - processes of
  socialization in a which a person rehearses for
  future positions
• Ex - high school students applying for college
• Resocialization - process of discarding former
  behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part
  of life transitions
• Ex - preparing convicts to return to society

45
Resocialization

• Resocialization generally occurs within a total
  institution - an institution that regulates all
  aspects of a persons life (ex - prison,
  military, convent, hospital)

46
Resocialization

• Resocialization generally occurs within a total
  institution - an institution that regulates all
  aspects of a persons life (ex - prison,
  military, convent, hospital)
• Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total
  institutions

47
Resocialization

• Resocialization generally occurs within a total
  institution - an institution that regulates all
  aspects of a persons life (ex - prison,
  military, convent, hospital)
• Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total
  institutions
• All aspects of life conducted in same place under
  same authority

48
Resocialization

• Resocialization generally occurs within a total
  institution - an institution that regulates all
  aspects of a persons life (ex - prison,
  military, convent, hospital)
• Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total
  institutions
• All aspects of life conducted in same place under
  same authority
• Activities conducted with others in same
  circumstances

49
Resocialization

• Resocialization generally occurs within a total
  institution - an institution that regulates all
  aspects of a persons life (ex - prison,
  military, convent, hospital)
• Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total
  institutions
• All aspects of life conducted in same place under
  same authority
• Activities conducted with others in same
  circumstances
• Authorities create rules and activities without
  input from participants

50
Resocialization

• Resocialization generally occurs within a total
  institution - an institution that regulates all
  aspects of a persons life (ex - prison,
  military, convent, hospital)
• Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total
  institutions
• All aspects of life conducted in same place under
  same authority
• Activities conducted with others in same
  circumstances
• Authorities create rules and activities without
  input from participants
• All aspects of life designed to fulfill the
  purpose of the organization

51
Resocialization

• Resocialization generally occurs within a total
  institution - an institution that regulates all
  aspects of a persons life (ex - prison,
  military, convent, hospital)
• Goffman identifies 4 common traits of total
  institutions
• All aspects of life conducted in same place under
  same authority
• Activities conducted with others in same
  circumstances
• Authorities create rules and activities without
  input from participants
• All aspects of life designed to fulfill the
  purpose of the organization
• Often, people entering total institutions
  experience a degradation ceremony - designed to
  strip individuality from participants

52
Agents of Socialization

• The family is the most important agent of
  socialization

53
Agents of Socialization

• The family is the most important agent of
  socialization
• Others include the school, the peer group, the
  mass media, the workplace, religion, and the state