PROPERTIES OF MATTER

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PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• BY MR. FRANK TODD

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• Characteristics
• Matter makes up all the objects in the universe

• Definition anything that has mass and takes up
  space

• Examples Your body, air, water, desk, etc..

• Non-Examples
• Light and sound are not matter

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• Characteristics
• Standard unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
• A grapefruit weighs ½ kg
• Smaller masses are measured in grams.
• A penny has a mass 2grams
• Measured using a triple beam balance
• An objects mass does not change regardless of
  location in the universe

• Definition Is a measure of how much matter an
  object contains

• Examples A metal teaspoon has more mass than a
  plastic teaspoon

• Non-Examples
• Mass is not the same thing as weight

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Record the mass on the triple beam balance below.
133.3grams
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• Characteristics
• Standard unit of weight is the Newton (N)
• Is measured by using a scale (Spring scale)
• An objects weight can change if the force of
  gravity changes.

• Definition the downward pull on an object due to
  gravity

• Examples On earth a 1kg mass has a weight of
  9.8Newtons

• Non-Examples
• Not the same as mass

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Essential question

• An astronaut records a baseballs mass and weight
  on Earth. After landing on the moon (which has
  1/6th the amount of gravity as the Earth) he
  records the same baseballs mass and weight
  again.
• Identify the instruments he used to find out the
  mass and weight of the baseball.
• Explain how the mass and weight of the baseball
  compared while on Earth to when it was on the
  Moon.

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• Characteristics
• The volume of regular solid (like a brick) may be
  figured out by using the formula
• Volume Length x Width x Height
• Unit cm3 or m3
• Water displacement may be used to figure out the
  volume of irregular solids (like a rock)
• Unit ml or L
• 1ml 1 cm3

• Definition the amount of space that matter in an
  object occupies

• Examples A bowling ball and a basketball take
  up the same amount of space have the same volume

• Non-Examples
• Volume is not the same as density

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Measuring liquid volume
What is this line called?
Meniscus
In what increments of volume does each line
represent on this cylinder?
1mL
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Water displacementWhat is the volume of the nail?
Initial Volume __47mL_ Final Volume_56mL__
56mL 47mL 9mL
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• Characteristics
• Measured in mm,cm,m, and km.
• Standard unit is the meter

• Definition distance from one point to another

• Examples
• A meter stick has 100cm.
• A meter stick has 1000mm

• Non-Examples
• Do not us inches or feet in the metric system.

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What is the length of the line below
incentimeters?____millimeters?____
2.7cm
27mm
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MAIN IDEAS SO FAR

• 1. All objects are made of matter
• 2. All matter has mass and volume.
• 3. An objects mass stays the same but its weight
  can change depending on the force of gravity
  pulling on it.

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• Characteristics
• There are more than 100 different types of atoms.
• Cant see individual atoms with your eyes
• Atoms have mass
• Atoms are always in motion.

• Definition Is the smallest basic unit of matter

• Examples Each element in the periodic table
  represents a type of atom.
• Copper wire is made of copper atoms.

• Non-Examples
• Atoms are not molecules

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• Definition
• Two or more atoms bonded together
• The smallest amount of a substance that can exist
  that still maintains the properties of the
  substance.

• Characteristics
• Molecules are bigger than atoms.
• Molecules are always in motion.

• Examples
• Oxygen molecule (O2)
• Water molecule(H2O)

• Non-Examples
• Elements are not molecules

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• Characteristics
• You cannot separate elements into other
  substances.

• Definition
• A Substance that contains only a single type of
  atom

• Examples
• Silver, Oxygen, Hydrogen

• Non-Examples
• Water is not an element b/c it is made of two
  different elements joined together

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• Characteristics
• Compounds can have different properties than the
  elements that make them up.
• Represented by a chemical formula.
• Example Table salt (NaCl)

• Definition
• substance made of two or more elements chemically
  combined in specific amounts.

• Examples
• Table salt (NaCl)
• Water (H2O)

• Non-Examples
• are different than mixtures.

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• Characteristics
• Substances in a mixture keep their own
  properties.
• Mixtures can be separated by physical means.
• Amount of substances in a mixture can vary.

• Definition
• Is a combination of different substances and can
  be separated by physical means.

• Examples
• Mixture of marbles, golf balls, and tennis balls.
• Iron and sugar is a mixture.

• Non-Examples
• A compound is not a mixture

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Comparing Mixtures
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MAIN IDEAS ABOUT ATOMS AND MOLECULES

• 1. Atoms are extremely small
• 2. Atoms and molecules are always in motion
• 3. Matter can be pure or mixed

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• Characteristics
• When a substance changes from one state to
  another the molecules of the substance do not
  change.
• But the arrangement and motion of the molecules
  do change.

• Definition
• Are the different forms in which matter can
  exist.
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

• Examples
• Solid Ice
• Liquid Water
• Gas Water vapor

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• Characteristics
• Molecules are close together and form a repeating
  pattern.
• Molecules vibrate but are fixed in one place.

• Definition
• Is a substance that has a fixed volume and shape

• Examples
• Crystalline solids
• Particles form a repeating pattern
• Salt cube, wood, rock
• Amorphous solids
• Disordered pattern
• Glass, plastic, rubber
• Soften gradually when heated (glass bends)

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• Characteristics
• Take the shape of their container
• Particles are attracted to one another and slide
  over each other.
• Particles are not fixed in place and move from
  one place to another (they follow each other or
  flow)

• Definition
• Is a substance that has a fixed volume but does
  NOT have fixed shape

• Examples
• Water, oil, syrup

VISCOSITY the resistance of a liquid to
flow. High liquid flows slow (ex. Honey) Low
liquid flows fast (ex. Water)
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• Characteristics
• Take the shape and volume of the containers they
  are in.
• Particles are not close together and can move
  easily in any direction
• Space between particles can increase or decrease
  depending on temperature and pressure.

• Definition
• Is a substance that has NO fixed volume OR shape

• Examples
• Air
• Water vapor
• Propane

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GAS LAWS BOYLES LAW

• Relates volume and pressure
• As volume increases pressure decreases
• As volume decreases pressure increases

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Boyles Law
100 90 80 70 60
Pressure (kPa)
60 70 80 90 100
Volume (mL)
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Gas laws CHARLESS LAW

• Relates volume and temperature
• As temperature increases, volume increases
• As temperature decreases, volume decreases

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Low temperature
High temperature
Molecules move faster and have more collisions
with sides of container
Molecules move slower and have few collisions
with sides of container
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Charless Law
Volume (mL)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature (K)
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KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL OF MATTER

• Matter is made of particles that are in motion
• Slowest in a solid (allows amorphous solids to
  bend and stretch when heated)
• Fastest in a gas

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PHYSICAL CHANGES OF STATE

• A. MELTING Solid to a liquid
• Melting point- temp at which a solid changes to a
  liquid
• B. FREEZING Liquid to a solid
• Freezing point- temp where a liquid changes to a
  solid
• C. VAPORIZATION liquid to a gas
• EVAPORATION Vaporization at the surface of a
  liquid
• BOILING Vaporization either at the surface or
  anywhere in a liquid (bubbles are visible)
• D. CONDENSATION Gas to a liquid
• E. SUBLIMATION Solid to a gas
• F. DEPOSITION Gas to a solid

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VAPORIZATION
Evaporation- molecules enter gas
state at the surface
Boiling - molecules enter gas state within the
liquid (bubbles)
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PHASE CHANGES
sublimation
GAS
vaporization
condensation
LIQUID
TEMPERATURE
melting
freezing
deposition
SOLID
Thermal energy
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Changes in Matter

• Chemical change A change in matter where a
  totally new substance is made.
• Ex. Burning wood, digesting food, rusting of a
  nail
• Physical change A change of matter which changes
  the appearance of a substance but does NOT form
  a new substance.
• Ex. Glass breaking, iron melts, water evaporates,
  creating a wool sweater

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MAIN IDEAS ABOUT SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES

• 1. Matter is commonly found in 3 states solid,
  liquid, and gas
• 2. The molecules in solids, liquids, and gases
  are always in motion. (kinetic molecular theory)
• 3. Matter can change between the three states.
  These are physical changes because no new
  substances are formed.