MOTIVATION

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MOTIVATION
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DEFINITION

• Any influence that brings out, directs, or
  maintains goal directed behaviour
• Personal psychological factors and
  situational/environmental factors affect
  motivation which affects work related behaviour

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THEORIES

• Needs/Content Theories
• what motivates people by understanding
  fundamental human needs
• Maslow , Alderfer, Herzberg
• Process Theories
• concerned with how and why people choose certain
  behaviour
• Vroom, Latham and Locke, Brehm

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MASLOW

• Basic
• food and shelter
• Safety
• protection against threat/danger
• Social needs
• belonging, association, friendship
• Self Esteem
• status and recognition
• Self actualisation
• realising ones own potential

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MASLOW

• Do we climb the ladder?
• Do we want basic needs and social?

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HERZBERG

• Two factor theory
• Factors that provide satisfaction (Intrinsic)
• challenge, achievement and recognition,
  responsibility, advancement
• Factors that give dissatisfaction (Extrinsic)
• working conditions, company policies, salary

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VROOM

• Expectancy theory
• Employees expectations about their work
  determines what they do and how they do it under
  certain circumstances
• Expect their jobs to result in desired objectives
  or needs they respond effectively (positively)
  and feel motivated
• M EO
• Relationship between motivation and performance

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VROOM
Before we expend effort we consider three
issues Effort - Performance Performance Outcome
Valence expectancy expectancy
Probability that I can perform at required
level
Probability that good performance leads to
desired outcomes
What value do I place on potential outcomes?
Bonuses, promotion, growth, achievement But
negative results Does boss remember? High or
low Motivating if high
Do available rewards interest us? Negative
results affect Motivating if high value If won
the lotto?
Own abilities and contexts High or low Motivating
if high
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VROOM

• (E P) (P O) Valence M
• If any zeros no motivation
• Encourage high P O by linking high
  performance and rewards
• Encourage high E P by setting challenging but
  doable goals, training, encouragement
• Encourage valence by having right rewards

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CRITICISMS

• Based on samples of people
• Based on particular industries
• Vroom - rational cognitive - rewards
• group processes
• Vroom - how measure the probabilities and
  expectations - proof?

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VROOM

• Are high producers necessarily motivated? Vroom
  says yes because they wouldnt be putting the
  effort in otherwise

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MOTIVATION STRATEGIES

• Policies and practices that provide for higher
  levels of performance from employees
• Should involve
• development of a motivating organisational
  culture
• create an environment where employees feel valued

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MOTIVATION STRATEGIES

• Should involve
• continuous training of people and job redesign
• regular improvement of leadership skills and
  styles