Motivation

1
Motivation

• What is motivation?
• How can we motivate employees?
• Content theories
• Process theories

2
What is motivation?
3
What results in motivated employees?

• Content (what determines behavior) versus process
  (how behavior is determined) theories.

4
Content theories

• What drives behavior?
• Needs motivate people.
• Needs are deficiencies that cause us to undertake
  a pattern of behavior to fill the deficiency.

5
Simple model of motivation

• Need -gt Behavior -gt Rewards -gt Feedback -gt Need
  (Exhibit 14.1)
• Need physiological, psychological, social.
• Behavior
• Rewards
• Intrinsic rewards part of the job.
• Extrinsic rewards controlled by the manager or
  someone else in the organization.
• Feedback

6
Maslows hierarchy of needs theory

• Humans are motivated by multiple needs and these
  needs exist in a hierarchical order.
• Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness,
  esteem, and self-actualization.
• How are these needs satisfied on the job and off
  the job? Exhibit 14.2
• Needs are satisfied in sequence. Lower needs take
  priority they must be satisfied before
  higher-order needs are activated.

7
ERG theory

• Groups needs into three categories Existence,
  Relatedness, and Growth
• More than one level of needs can motivate
  behavior at the same time.
• Individuals may move up or down the hierarchy
  depending on presence or lack of opportunities.

8
Process theories

• How is behavior determined?
• Complements the needs theories by viewing people
  as decision makers.
• Process theories equity theory, expectancy
  theory, reinforcement theory, and goal setting.

9
Equity theory

• Focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly
  they are treated compared to others.
• Om/Im Oo/Io, where O output and I inputs.
• People are motivated to seek social equity in the
  rewards they expect for performance. Explain.
• Importance of perceived equity of their rewards
  compared to others.

10
Expectancy theory

• Motivation depends on individuals expectations
  about their ability to perform tasks and receive
  desired rewards.
• See model on Exhibit 14.4. Explain.
• Importance of matching subordinates skills and
  abilities to job demands.
• Provide the necessary support (resources) to
  accomplish task.
• Relate performance to outcomes (Incentives
  contingent upon performance).
• Provide valuable outcomes.

11
Reinforcement theory

• Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to
  be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced
  tends not to be repeated.
• Importance of performance-based compensation.

12
Goal setting

• Goal is something an individual is consciously
  attempting to attain.
• Goals are the primary determinants of
  motivation.Properly set result in commitment.
• Goals should be specific, hard but attainable,
  measurable, accepted by the individual.
• Method of management by objectives (MBO). See
  Exhibit 13.7.