Water, Oxygen, Energy, and Protein

1
Water, Oxygen, Energy, and Protein
September 17, 2009
2
(No Transcript)
3
Water

• The Most Important Nutrient

4
Water

• Sources
• 1. Consumed
• 2. From Food
• 3. From Metabolic
• Processes

5
Water

• Functions
• 1. Transport Nutrients and Chemicals
• 2. Removes Waste
• 3. Evaporative Cooling
• 4. Lubrication of Joints and Organs
• 5. Maintains Life

6
Water

• Why do we thirst?
• To balance our ions
• Eat something saltycrave something liquidy
• Pretzels and Beer

7
(No Transcript)
8
Oxygen

• Required for Respiration
• Oxygen oxidizing agent
• It happily accepts the H (hydrogen) from
  oxidation of nutrients to form water

9
Oxygen

• Oxidize To take away Hydrogen (H)
• Reduce To add a Hydrogen (H)

10
Oxygen

• Respiration The Reduction of Oxygen to Water
• Breathing!

11
Energy

• The Ability to do Work
• ATP

12
Energy

• Force Mass Acceleration
• Work Force Distance
• Power Work/Time

• Newton Kg Meter/ Sec2
• Joule Newton Meter
• Watt Joule/ Sec

13
Energy

• Calorie The amount of energy to heat 1 gram of
  water 1 degree Celsius (Chemical Energy)

14
Energy

• Nutrients enter the cell
• Anabolic
• Catabolic

15
Energy

• Anabolic
• Synthesis

16
Energy

• Catabolic
• Breakdown

17
Net Energy System

• Shows how energy is used in the body

18
Net Energy System
19
Gross Energy (100)

• Intake
• Amount youve eaten
• Excrete
• Feces

20
Digestible Energy (75)

• Amount Absorbed
• Excrete
• Urine
• Gas

21
Metabolizable Energy (70)

• Amount Usable by the Animal
• (What isnt feces or urine)
• Excrete
• Heat

22
Net Energy (30-60)

• Amount Actually Used For Maintenance and
  Production

23
Maintenance

• Normal Body Function (BMR)
• Normal Voluntary Activity
• Normal Body Temperature

24
Maintenance?
25
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

• 1. Animal At Rest
• 2. Animal Awake
• 3. Fasting State
• 4. Thermoneutral Zone

26
Heat Increment

• The Energy Generated After Eating More Nutrients
  than Necessary.
• Energy
• Above
• Maintenance

27
Nutritional Energy

• Fats
• 9 Kcal/g of Metabolizable Energy (ME), energy and
  synthesis efficiency, 90
• 4,4,9 (Energy Protein or Carbs Fat)
• 4,4,9
• 4,4,9

28
Perspective on Energy(reality check!)

• A 60 lb dog requires about 1800 kc/d ME
• 450 grams CHO (450 4 1800)
• 200 grams Fat (200 9)
• 513 grams dog food _at_ 3.5 Mc/kg ME

29
Perspective on Energy(reality check)

• A 10 lb cat requires about 470 kcal/d ME
• 117 grams CHO (117 4)
• 52 grams Fat (52 9)
• 104 grams cat food at 3.5 Mc/kg ME

30
Nitrogen Metabolism

• Most feed proteins are 16 N
• Crude Protein
• N content times 6.25 (100/16 6.25)
• It is a useful measure, usually accurate to a few
  percent for most feed proteins.

31
Protein Quality

• The ability of a protein to meet the amino acid
  needs of an animal, thus IF

Biological Value 80/90 89
Protein Consumed 100
Amino Acids Absorbed 90
THEN, Protein Quality or Net Protein Value
80 / 100 80
Protein(s) made 80
32
Protein Quality of Ingredients

• Cereal plants are low in the amino acid Lysine in
  relation to animal needs, NPV 50-60
• Corn, oats, wheat, barley, rice
• Legume plants are adequate in lysine, but a
  little low in methionine, NPV 60 to 70
• Soybean, alfalfa, clover, canola

33
Protein Quality-Animal Proteins

• Animal proteins are better quality for animals
  NPV 70 to 80
• Organ meats, muscle meats, blood
• Egg and milk proteins are highest quality (NPV
  95)

34
Protein Quality

• Digestibility increased by grinding, cooking
  decreased by overheating if digestibility falls
  10 points

Biological Value 70/90 78 (was 89)
Protein Consumed 100
Amino Acids Absorbed 90 (now 80)
Protein(s) made 80 (now 70)
Net Protein Value 70 / 100 70 (was 80)
35
Amino Acid Deficiency

• Simply put, not enough of one or more amino acids

36
Amino Acid Deficiency
37
Amino Acid Deficiency

• So, for very important proteins
• Hormones, enzymes
• The body robs blood and muscle protein to make
  them, if some amino acids are deficient
• If sufficiently deficient, muscle growth slows,
  stops, or is lost
• Measured crudely as a decrease in N balance

38
Amino Acid Imbalance

• There may be enough of all amino acids, but in
  the wrong balance
• Proteins can be made, but,
• Many amino acids are wasted
• normal state

39
(No Transcript)