Biosecurity and Infectious Disease

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Biosecurity and Infectious Disease

• College Hour
• February 25, 2005

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NIAID Biodefense Research
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NIAID Priority Pathogens (http//www2.niaid.nih.go
v/Biodefense/bandc_priority.htm)

• Category C
• Emerging infectious disease threats such as Nipah
  virus and additional hantaviruses.
• Tickborne hemorrhagic fever viruses
• Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever virus
• Tickborne encephalitis viruses
• Yellow fever
• Multi-drug resistant TB
• Influenza
• Other Rickettsias
• Rabies
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated
  coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (Note SARS-CoV added
  August 30, 2004)

• Category A?
• Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
• Clostridium botulinum
• Yersinia pestis
• Variola major (smallpox) and other pox viruses
• Francisella tularensis (tularemia)
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
• Arenaviruses
• LCM, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus
• Lassa Fever
• Bunyaviruses
• Hantaviruses
• Rift Valley Fever
• Flaviruses
• Dengue
• Filoviruses
• Ebola
• Marburg

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NIAID Priority Pathogens

• Category B
• Burkholderia pseudomallei
• Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
• Brucella species (brucellosis)
• Burkholderia mallei (glanders)
• Ricin toxin (from Ricinus communis)
• Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
• Staphylococcus enterotoxin B
• Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii
• Food and Waterborne Pathogens
• Bacteria
• Diarrheagenic E.coli
• Pathogenic Vibrios
• Shigella species
• Salmonella
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Yersinia enterocolitica

• Viruses (Caliciviruses, Hepatitis A)
• Protozoa
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Cyclospora cayatanensis
• Giardia lamblia
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Toxoplasma
• Microsporidia
• Additional viral encephalitides
• West Nile Virus
• LaCrosse
• California encephalitis
• VEE
• EEE
• WEE
• Japanese Encephalitis Virus
• Kyasanur Forest Virus

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NIAID High Priority Biodefense Products

• Tulerimia vaccines
• Plague vaccines
• Rift valley fever vaccines
• Cell culture based vaccines for influenza
• Antivirals (smallpox and hemorrhagic fevers)
• Arenavirus and specific viral encephalitis
  viruses, West Nile virus, Eastern equine
  encephalitis virus, Western EEV

• High titer/concentrated Vaccinia Immune Globulin
  (VIG) or replacement product based on Mabs
• Botulinum antitoxin
• Mono- and polyclonal antibodies
• Safe and effective alternatives to toxoid vaccine
• Safe and effective smallpox vaccine
• Second generation anthrax vaccines
• Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever vaccines

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Select Agents

• Overlap
• Bacillus anthracis
• Botulinum neurotoxins
• Botulinum neurotoxin producing species of
  Clostridium
• Brucella abortus
• Brucella melitensis
• Brucella suis
• Burkholderia mallei
• Burkholderia pseudomallei
• Clostridium botulinum
• Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin
• Coccidioides immitis
• Coxiella burnetii
• Eastern equine encephalitis virus
• Francisella tularensis
• Hendra virus
• Nipah virus
• Rift Valley fever virus
• Shigatoxin

• Non overlap (USDA)
• African horse sickness virus
• African swine fever virus
• Akabane virus
• Avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic)
• Bluetongue virus (exotic)
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent
• Camel pox virus
• Classical swine fever virus
• Cowdria ruminantium (Heartwater)
• Foot-and-mouth disease virus
• Goat pox virus
• Japanese encephalitis virus
• Lumpy skin disease virus
• Malignant catarrhal fever virus (exotic)
• Menangle virus
• Mycoplasma capricolum /M. F38/M. mycoides capri
  (contagious caprine o pleuropneumonia)
• Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides (contagious bovine
  pleuropneumonia)
• Newcastle disease virus (VVND)

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Infectious Disease Faculty
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Basic ResearchEvasion of Immune FunctionNF-kB
Smooth
Rough
MOI10
MOI100
MOI100
MOI1000
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Targeted Identification

• Vaccine design
• Identify genes required for pathogen survival in
  host cells
• Immunomodulation
• Identify host genes activated in response to
  infection

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Microcapsules for enhanced vaccine potential

• Encapsulated vaccines provide
• Extended and enhanced immune response
• Ease of storage
• A single subcutaneous or oral dose.

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Reservoir capsules are now being used for
entrapment of live bacteria.
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Bovine Ligated Ileal Loop Assay
Intubation
Isoflurane general anesthesia
Epidural and preparation of loops
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Preclinical DevelopmentBSL3 Large Animal
(1220-1228)
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BSL3 Large Animal/Outside
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Clinical Evaluation

• Homeland security
• Rift valley fever
• Immune response
• FMD
• Immune response
• Brucella
• Exposure
• Immune response
• Livestock vaccine

• NIH Priority
• Brucella vaccine
• Macaques

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Research Resources VMR BL3 Labs Lab Animal
Biocontainment