Foreign Animal Diseases in Poultry

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Foreign Animal Diseases in Poultry Angie
Dement Extension Associate for Veterinary
Medicine Texas AgriLife Extension Service The
Texas AM System http//aevm.tamu.edu
Improving Lives. Improving Texas.
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Avian Flu Bird Flu

• Viral disease
• Two classifications or forms
• Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
• risk to poultry industry
• reportable
• endemic disease
• most common class
• High-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
• serious damage to poultry industry
• reportable
• epidemic disease
• Disease severity and symptoms determine class

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• Zoonotic disease (Rare)
• HPAI class
• Mutates potentially infectious to people
• limited bird to people via bird feces
• unusual people to people
• not a pandemic (global) human flu
• 115 human deaths (1/04-5/06) SE Asia
• Human Flu 36,000 human deaths/yr US

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• Vaccines under development
• Antiviral drugs available
• Accelerated monitoring and surveillance
• Advanced diagnostic technologies
• Advanced information delivery technologies

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• Affects many bird species
• Chickens
• Turkeys
• Pheasants
• Quail
• Geese
• Ducks
• Guinea fowl

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Causative Agent

• Caused by influenza strain A virus
• Over 144 subtypes of type HN
• by combinations of H and N
• H Hemaglutinin
• N Neuraminidase
• examples H1N2, H2N2, H7N2

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• Types H5 and H7
• mutates from LPAI to HPAI
• FAD (not in US)
• Subtype H5N1 (epidemics)
• HPAI
• bird to bird, rarely to people
• Asia
• Subtype H7N7 (epidemics)
• HPAI
• bird to bird, rarely to people
• The Netherlands
• Various Subtypes of HN (endemics)
• LPAI
• bird to bird, not to people
• US

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• Virus denatured by
• Heat
• Proper cooking
• Drying
• Most disinfectants/detergents

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Transmission

• Natural reservoir
• Migratory waterfowl
• Virus in intestines
• Virus shed in feces

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• One gram of contaminated manure can contain
  enough virus to infect1 million birds.

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• Bird - bird direct contact
• Feces
• fecal to oral transmission most common
• Saliva
• Nasal excretions

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• Bird environment - bird indirect contact
• Mechanical contamination
• Environmental transmission
• Manure
• Equipment
• Vehicles
• Egg flats
• Crates
• People articles

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Diagnosis

• LPAI
• No symptoms
• Low-risk virus
• HPAI
• Symptoms
• Sudden death before symptoms
• High-risk virus
• virulent
• highly infectious
• respiratory disease

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• Symptoms
• Sudden death
• Lack energy/appetite
• Decreased egg production
• Egg deformities
• Swellings

• Red and purple skin
• Nasal discharge
• Coughing/sneezing
• Incoordination
• Diarrhea

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Prevention

• BIOSECURITY!
• Lock houses
• Special clothing
• Dont visit other houses
• Control visitors
• Cleanliness

• Submit sick birds
• Dispose of dead birds
• Restricted area signs
• No live-bird market birds
• Sanitary/disinfectant protocols

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Regulation and Eradication

• Texas FEAD Response Plan
• identify positive animals and destroy
• reduce amount of time to get back test results
• track origin of suspect animals
• LPAI
• quarantine
• may destroy birds (depopulation) with evidence of
  mutation
• disinfect premises
• HPAI
• quarantine
• destroy birds (depopulation)
• disinfect premises

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Exotic Newcastle Disease

• Previously known as Velogenic Viscerotropic
  Newcastle Disease (VVND)
• Viral disease
• Affects all bird species
• Highly contagious
• Most infectious poultry disease
• Reportable
• Zoonotic

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Causative Agent

• Virus
• Serotype group Avian paramyxovirus type 1
  (APMV-1)
• Highly resilient

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Transmission

• Virus excreted by
• Feces
• Nose
• Mouth
• Eyes
• Virus enters by
• Ingestion
• Inhalation

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• Spread by
• Direct contact
• Mechanical means
• Human contamination
• Incubation period is 2 to15 days
• Highly contagious in all bird species
• Some birds die without symptoms

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Diagnosis

• Clinical signs include
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Nervous
• Egg production
• Swelling
• Death if flocks are not vaccinated, death rate
  will be 100 if animals become infected

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Prevention

• Maintain biosecurity measures
• No pet birds
• Diseased birds to diagnostic lab
• Know health status of birds before bringing them
  to farm

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Regulation and Eradication

• Texas FEAD Emergency Response Plan
• identify positive animals and destroy
• reduce amount of time to get back test results
• track origin of suspect animals

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• 1 response procedure is to destroy an infected
  flock and impose a strict quarantine.
• Clean entire premises
• Wait 30 days before repopulating
• Control insect/rodent population

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• Deactivate virus by
• Sun exposure (UV rays)
• Rapid dehydration
• The virus can survive for weeks in warm, humid
  environments and indefinitely on frozen material.

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Poultry Biosecurity

• Keep Your Distance
• Keep It Clean
• Dont Haul Disease Home
• Dont Borrow Disease From Your Neighbor
• Know the Warning Signs of Infectious Bird
  Diseases
• Report Sick Birds

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Questions