Exotic Newcastle Disease

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Exotic Newcastle Disease

• Pseudo-Fowl Pest, Pseudovogel-Pest, Atypical
  Geflugelpest, Pseudo-Poultry Plague, Avian Pest,
  Avian Distemper, Ranikhet Disease, Tetelo
  Disease, Korean Fowl Plague, Avian
  Pneumoencephalitis

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Overview

• Organism
• Economic Impact
• Epidemiology
• Transmission
• Clinical Signs
• Diagnosis and Treatment
• Prevention and Control
• Actions to Take

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The Organism
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Newcastle Disease

• Family Paramyxoviridae
• Genus Avulavirus
• 9 serotypes
• APMV-1 to APMV-9
• Newcastle disease is APMV-1
• Lentogenic, mesogenic, velogenic
• Neurotropic, viscerotropic

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Newcastle Disease

• vND virulent Newcastle Disease
• Mesogenic
• Velogenic neurotropic
• Velogenic viscerotropic
• Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)
• U.S. definition for
  velogenic viscerotropic
  strains of Newcastle

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Importance
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History

• 1926
• Java, Indonesia
• Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England
• Probable earlier outbreaks in Central Europe
• 1896 Western Scotland, cause of death of all
  chickens?
• 4 panzootics from 1926 to 1981

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History in U.S.

• 1950 First U.S. case
• Partridges and pheasants imported from Hong
  Kong
• 1971 to 1974 California
• 1,321 infected and exposed flocks
• 12 million birds destroyed
• 56 million cost to tax payers
• Additional U.S. outbreaks
• Illegal importation of exotic birds, poultry

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History in U.S.

• 2002 to 2003 California
• 2,662 premises depopulated
• 4 million birds destroyed
• 160 million cost

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Economic Impact

• Global economic impact
• vND more costly than any other animal virus?
• Control measures expensive
• Repeated testing for trade purposes
• Developing countries
• Endemic vND affects quality and quantity of
  dietary protein
• Significant effect on human health

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Epidemiology
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Geographic Distribution

• Endemic
• Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Central and South
  America
• Vaccine use makes assessment of true geographical
  distribution difficult
• International monitoring
• FAO
• OIE

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Morbidity/Mortality

• Morbidity up to 100
• Mortality 90
• Varies greatly depending on
• Virulence and strain
• Avian species and susceptibility of host
• Environmental conditions
• Vaccination history
• Some species show few or no signs
• Carrier state may exist

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Transmission
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Animal Transmission

• Direct contact with feces, respiratory secretions
• Indirect contact
• Feed, water
• Equipment
• Human clothing
• Contaminated or
  incompletely inactivated vaccines

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Animal Transmission

• Survives for long periods in the environment
• Incubation period
• 2 to 15 days
• 5 to 6 days average
• Migratory birds, feral pigeons
• Contamination of poultry feed

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Human Transmission

• Mild conjunctivitis
• Virus shed in ocular secretions
• Avoid contact with avian species
• Lab workers and vaccination crews most at
  risk
• No cases from handling or consuming poultry
  products
• No human-to-human spread

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Disease in Animals
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Clinical Signs

• Drop in egg production
• Numerous deathswithin24 to 48 hours
• Deaths continue for 7 to 10 days
• Surviving birds may haveneurological or
  reproductive damage

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Clinical Signs

• Edema of head, especially around eyes
• Greenish, dark watery diarrhea
• Respiratory and neurological signs
• Signs vary with species and virulence

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Post Mortem Lesions

• Edema of head, neck
• Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis or ulceration of
  lymphoid tissue
• Hemorrhagic lesions
• Tracheal mucosa
• Proventriculus
• Intestinal mucosa

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Differential Diagnosis

• Highly pathogenic avian influenza
• Fowl cholera
• Laryngotracheitis
• Coryza
• Fowl pox (diphtheritic form)

• Psittacosis or Pachecos disease
• Mycoplasmosis
• Infectious bronchitis
• Management problems
• Water or feed deprivation
• Poor ventilation

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Sampling

• Before collecting or sending any samples, the
  proper authorities should be contacted
• Samples should only be sent under secure
  conditions and to authorized laboratories to
  prevent the spread of the disease

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Laboratory Diagnosis

• Virus isolation
• RT-PCR
• Serology
• No strain information
• Cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated
  animals
• May be used post-vaccination to confirm immune
  response

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Disease in Humans
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Clinical Signs in Humans

• Eye infections
• Reddening, excessive tearing, edema of lids,
  conjunctivitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage
• Usually transient, cornea not affected
• Lab workers and vaccination crews most
  susceptible
• No human-to-human spread

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Prevention and Control
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Recommended Actions

• IMMEDIATELY notify authorities
• Federal
• Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)
• http//www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offic
  es/
• State
• State veterinarian
• http//www.usaha.org/stateanimalhelathofficials.as
  px
• Quarantine

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Recommended Actions

• Confirmatory diagnosis
• Depopulation may be necessary
• Destruction
• Exposed carcasses
• Litter
• Animal products

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Control and Eradication

• Disinfection of premises
• Delay re-introduction of new birds for
  30 days
• Control insects and rodents
• Limit human traffic

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Disinfection

• Household bleach, 6
• Extremes in pH
• Less than 2 or greater than 12
• Heat
• Boiling one minute
• Detergents
• Dryness
• Ultraviolet light and sunlight

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Vaccination

• Vaccination routine worldwide
• Reduces clinical signs
• Does not prevent virus replication or
  shedding
• Not an alternative to good management,
  biosecurity, or good hygiene

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Additional Resources

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
• www.oie.int
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• www.aphis.usda.gov
• Center for Food Security and Public Health
• www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases(The Gray Book)
• https//www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/down
  loads/nahems/fad.pdf

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Acknowledgments

• Development of this presentation was made
  possible through grants provided to the Center
  for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State
  University, College of Veterinary Medicine from
• the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
  the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Iowa
  Homeland Security and Emergency Management
  Division, and the Multi-State Partnership for
  Security in Agriculture.
• Authors Katie Steneroden, DVM Anna Rovid
  Spickler, DVM, PhD Radford Davis, DVM, MPH,
  DACVPM
• Reviewers Bindy Comito Sornsin, BA Katie
  Spaulding, BS Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH,
  PhD Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM