The Three Main Isms of the 19th Century

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The Three Main Isms of the 19th Century
Conservatism- This ideology was supported by the
old aristocracy, who were losing or who had lost
their power during the radical years of
revolution. They argued that tradition,
experience and trust in upper class leadership
was best for society. Liberalism- This ideology
grew out of the Enlightenment ideas that the
individual was most important and that government
should protect him first. It was most supported
by the growing, intellectual middle
class. Socialism- This ideology spoke about the
need for society to cooperate in order to serve
the general will of the many. It was optimistic
at first, but turned more radical and pessimistic
by the end of the century.
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The differences in the Class System
Wealthy
Society can be represented as a triangle to show
that, traditionally, there are more poor citizens
at the bottom and fewer wealthy at the top. The
traditional model had those at the top in power
Poor
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The differences in the Class System and how they
changed from 1815 to 1918
Aristocratic Class
After the defeat of Napoleon, the restored rulers
tried to regain power they had lost to the more
liberal governments that followed the French
Revolution. The Five Powers, Britain, Russia,
Prussia, Austria and France, supported
more-or-less Conservative rulers to lead the
politics and policies of Europe.
Very few individuals had power. The head of
government was a king.
Lower Class
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The differences in the Class System and how they
changed from 1815 to 1918
The factory owners, by virtue of their new
economic power, sought more political power.
As Industrialism brought more people to the city,
the old society was threatened. The traditionally
polarized aristocratic and peasant classes were
being altered by a growing middle class from the
city-dwellers and a new wealthy class of factory
owners. This caused the old power order to come
under pressure.
Aristocratic Class is pressured
Growing Middle Class
Lower Class
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The differences in the Class System and how they
changed from 1815 to 1918
Also, as Industrialism brought more people to the
city, the wage earner became the new poorer,
lower class, adding a new distinctionthe poor of
the country and the poor of the city. The city
poor earned their wages by the hour or by the
piece and worked up to 16 hours a day, six days a
week. Two new classes were the urban middle class
and the urban working class. Neither had power in
the beginning.
Aristocratic Class is pressured
The middle class was typically liberal in view
and wanted liberal political power.
Growing Middle Class
Lower Class
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The threat to the political structure civil
disturbances and revolts
Aristocratic Class shares with Industrialists
The liberalism of the middle class took root in
many forms. There were secret organizations
formed throughout Europe whose purpose was to
appeal for more political power, either through
the system or by tearing the system down. As the
century wore on, the conservative powers gave in
little by little and allowed the numbers of
voters to grow.
The revolts and labor movements in the first half
of the century had their effect.
Middle Class gains some power.
Labor Class is excluded and angry
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Conservatism

• Private property Believed that private property
  should be protected and that the state had no
  right to control it or tax it.
• Political power The elite, who were best
  educated and who held property, had the most to
  offer for society and the most to lose. They
  should decide for the whole.
• Economic planning Thought that the state should
  leave the economy alone, though to some of the
  aristocratic thinkers the old system of
  mercantilism and protection for the states
  economic position within the world was
  acceptable.
• Womens rights Women were second-class citizens
  and had no rights. They should be paid less and
  take care of special jobs that were beneath men.
• Child Labor Took the view that child labor was
  acceptable and that some jobs were best suited to
  children.
• Profit The pursuit of profit was acceptable.
  Wealth and power for some was measured by ones
  position at birth, but the new wealth and power
  was being found in how much money one had or
  could earn.
• Insurance The state has no obligation. The
  individual should take care of himself.
• Class system The class system is inherently
  necessary and should be maintained.
• Man is basically brutish and should be
  controlled. Evil is controlled by the state.
• Inheritance Should be protected, with the state
  having no rights to tax it.
• Religion Felt that religion was central to the
  traditions of society and that the moral fiber of
  society was defined by religious beliefs.

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Liberalism

• Private property Believed that private property
  should be protected and that the state had no
  right to control it or tax it, though this group
  gradually moved towards progressive taxation as
  the century went by.
• Political power Believed that a property
  restriction would allow for all members of the
  middle-class and above to make political choices.
  Believed in meritocracy and limited democracy,
  with no privileges accorded to the old
  aristocracy. The individual is autonomous within
  the state, protected from the state by
  inalienable rights.
• Economic planning Thought that the state should
  leave the economy alone. Economic Liberalism
  with a capital L means laissez-faire in the
  extreme.
• Womens rights Women were equal to men in
  theory, but the middle-class women should stay at
  home and raise the kids and learn domestic skills
  and hold up the Christian virtues necessary to
  support a stable and strong society.
• Child Labor Took the view that child labor was
  unacceptable.
• Profit The pursuit of profit was the main goal
  of industry. In the extreme, the belief was that
  wage laborers should be paid the bare minimum to
  maximize profits.
• Insurance The state has no obligation. The
  individual should take care of himself, though
  the collective intellectual conscience of this
  group gradually took up the banner of state
  support for the poor.
• Class system The class system is inherently bad,
  but in reality difficult to control. The lower
  class is not able to make worthy political
  decisions.
• Man is basically good and should do unto others
  as he would have them do unto him.
• Inheritance Should be protected, though the
  state can tax the wealthy to a degree.
• Religion Felt that religion was something that
  was private and that should be kept out of
  government. In the extreme, God was still the
  giant clockmaker disinterested in man or perhaps
  did not exist.

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Socialism

• Private property Believed that private property
  was something that the state could control or, in
  the more extreme, that private property should
  not be allowed.
• Political power Democracy is the best system,
  with a representative government set up to make
  decisions that was best for the greatest number.
  The minority groups should be protected as much
  as possible.
• Economic planning Thought the state should be
  involved in organizing the labor, using taxes to
  redistribute wealth and controlling the final
  products that came out of industry.
• Womens rights Though often an ignored issue,
  the intellectuals felt that women should be
  elevated in status and that unequal treatment
  within the economy was wrong.
• Child Labor Took the view that child labor was
  exploitation and, at the very least, should be
  controlled by the legal system, or in another
  view, abolished.
• Profit The pursuit of profit should not be the
  end goal. In extreme socialist belief, profit
  should be forbidden and the goal of a product
  should be the benefit to society. The excess
  charged after the workers labor that capitalism
  calls profit is illegitimate.
• Insurance The state or the company has the
  obligation to provide either or both pension
  insurance and health insurance.
• Class system The class system is inherently evil
  and should be destroyed.
• From each according to his ability and to each
  according his needs.
• Inheritance Should be abolished
• Religion Could be anti-religious, as an
  extension of Enlightenment thinking or could be
  Christian in nature, feeling that society and
  Jesus should have a benevolent attitude towards
  its citizens.

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Robert Owens New Lanark
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Early Industrial Revolution
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Characteristics of Industrial Growth
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Characteristics of Industrial Growth
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Characteristics of Industrial Growth
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Characteristics of Industrial Growth
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Working Class

• This artists view of the urban poor, with their
  lack of food, poor living conditions and little
  chance for improvement in their living conditions.

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Changes in political power

• The most liberal country was England, where there
  was still a strong monarchy under Queen Victoria.
  But, the political decisions rested with
  Parliament. Parliament was a bicameral
  institution, with a House of Lordswhere members
  were chosen due to birth and a House of
  Commonswhere members were elected by a limited
  suffrage. Only a small percentage of the male
  adult population participated in elections in the
  first part of the century and voting laws
  initially excluded the new industrial cities of
  the north from participating in politics. This
  would change and with that change more sympathy
  and laws for the working class would take place.

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These were the demands of the lower class in
Britain in 1838

• Universal male suffrage
• Secret ballot
• Removal of property qualifications for members of
  Parliament
• Pay for members of Parliament
• Annual elections
• Equal electoral districts

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The demands were turned down at first

• The major changes that helped usher in change
  took place when the northern cities were able to
  change the voting regions that eliminated the
  rotten boroughs. The new members from
  industrial regions were more sympathetic to the
  workers problems. Still, it took years for change
  to take place through democratic means and this
  worked best in Britain. In central and eastern
  countries the conservatives firmly held on to
  power.

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Sometimes, even in Britain, the government
resisted the calls for change and used violence
to suppress these liberal movements. The
government resistance was strong in the first two
decades of the century, but relaxed as the middle
class took more power in Parliament and the
reformist within Parliament took some action to
help the working poor.
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The map of Europe in 1815, with Germany and Italy
not yet countries.
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Louis Philippe and 1848

• This political cartoon shows the idea of liberty
  putting the king, Louis Philippe, out, as a
  French revolutionary of 1848 participates in the
  coup detat.

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From 1848 to 1900

• For much of this era, Austria and Italys futures
  are linked. Italy will work towards unification,
  which will be at the expense of Austria. Austria
  will be the leading power of Europe in the first
  half of the century, only to be pushed down the
  ladder in the second half, with Prussia (later
  Germany) becoming the most powerful nation on the
  continent as a result of her unification. Which
  ism do you think would be most threatening to
  Austria?

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The Revolts of 1848
Uprisings in 1848 in Austria

• Windischgratz
• Jelacic
• Radetsky
• These were the three men who put down the
  revolts in the various cities of the Austrian
  Empire. This artists view was not a sympathetic
  one to their role in 1848.

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France in Rome One of the results of the
uprisings in 1848 was Louis Napoleons entry into
Italian politics. He will venture back again
after the Crimean War to help the Piemontese
fight against the Austrians and to help them
unite the northern portion of Italy.
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Related Isms

• Nationalism
• Utopianism
• Marxism
• Realism
• Idealism
• Imperialism
• Feminism
• Capitalism

• Anarchism
• Darwinism
• Social Darwinism
• Radicalism
• Irrationalism
• Impressionism
• Expressionism
• Industrialism

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The problems of the poor in the city
As the Industrial Revolution continued to alter
the society of those countries that were
embracing industrialism, the new working poor, or
urban proletariat, brought with them many new
problems for the leaders to address. These are
outlined on the following page.
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Outline of Urban Problems

• Increased size of cities
• Increased size of the urban working class
• New need for a city administration to deal with
  transport, utilities and city officials
• Increased crime
• Growing middle class
• New technologies to improve services
• New strain on the environment
• Disparate wage conditions
• Industrial megacompanies wielding new wealth and
  power
• Threat to and eventual elimination of the
  aristocratic families and rural peasant class

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Incidents and Issues of importance

• Civil revolts
• Crimean War
• Wars of Unification
• Imperialism
• Labor rights
• Environmental Issues
• Urban Issues

These incidents and issues are driven by the
centurys three most important isms Nationalism
Liberalism Industrialism
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The changes due to the pressure of these
incidents on the political structure.
Aristocratic Class shares with Industrialists
The liberalism of the middle class gained more
power and some liberals accepted their
responsibilities to provide for the poorer
classes. The poorer classes were either pushing
for even more reform within the system or calling
for a complete overhaul of the system. At the end
of the century, the political system was ripe for
change. What would bring on the change?
Middle Class gains more power
Labor Class is still excluded, but gaining
influence
The revolts, wars and changes to the internal and
external nature of Europe caused change.
The line drops further.
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The Crimean War This war has a reputation for
being poorly led by generals on each side. The
war was bloody and led to a breakdown of the
Congress System. By the end of the war, European
countries were not in balance any longer.
One of the results was a great disappoint by the
Russians in their efforts. They were surprised at
how bad their army was. It was a wake up call.
The Russians were also angry with the Austrians
because the Austrians turned their backs on
Russia and even threatened them.
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Garibaldi and Unification

• Garibaldi first helped in Italy in 1848 when he
  and Mazzini set up a republic in Rome. That was
  stopped by the French. He then stepped in during
  the 1860s, conquered Sicily and Naples and then
  gave his winnings to King Victor Emmanuel II from
  Piedmont.

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Franco-Prussian War of 1870

• The French were manipulated by Bismarck into a
  war that ended the French Empire in 1870. Germany
  and Italy will become united because of this war.

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Victor Emmanuel II takes Rome in 1870

• When the French had to withdraw to protect France
  in 1870, the Pope was no longer protected from
  the north. Piedmont successfully united the rest
  of Italy at this time. Only the Vatican City was
  left to the Pope. He was not supportive of the
  new government.

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The time period after 1870 was dominated by the
policies of Bismarck and the new German nation.
Bismarck had angered France by taking the
Alsace-Lorraine territories and he worked hard to
keep France isolated. He was happy when Italy and
France argued over Tunisia. Soon thereafter Italy
joined in the Triple Alliance with Austria and
Germany.
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The new city was not particularly attractive,
especially to the poor, who were living in
crowded conditions with few areas of quality in
their lives.
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Change in womens rights and labor expectations
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