Challenges of Multiculturalism in Europe

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Challenges of Multiculturalism in Europe

• Jagellonian University
• 9 May 2005
• Laura Laubeova
• laubeova_at_fsv.cuni.cz

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Structure of the lecture

• Definitions multiculturalism, race ethnicity,
  minority,
• Concepts theories of MC
• State policies vs. Minority requirements
• Politics of redistribution / recognition
• Ethnocultural justice
• Concept of Racisms, discrimination
• From assimilation to inclusion
• Antidiscrimination in EU, institutional racism in
  UK

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Background

• Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13)
• two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)
• European Framework Convention for protection of
  national minorities (FCNM)
• CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.
• i.e. framework for public policies
• promoting positive interethnic relations,
  elimination of discrimination and racism.
• Retreat of MC after 9/11

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After 9/11

• Failure of MCP?
• Baubock (2005) 3 elements of MC
• Constitutionally entrenched rights
• HR as trumps over majority preferences (Dworkin)
• Accommodationist policies
• bilingual edu for immig. General integration not
  a minority right
• Shared public identity
• equal membersip in polity, citizenship

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Multiculturalism

• Descriptive
• Normative- see bellow
• Government policy
• (Canada, Australia)
• Institutional policies
• (UK racial equality, CERES)

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Definitions related to ethnicity

• From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic
  community.
• Ethnie is
• a named human population with myths of common
  ancestry, shared historical memories,
• one or more elements of common culture, a link
  with a homeland,
• a sense of solidarity among at least some
  members.
• - covers both majority and minority population.
• vs
• multiple identities,
• situational (transcending) ethnicities,
• hybridity

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Ethnicity2 basic 3 complementary approaches

• 1. Primordialists
• focus on primordial ties ( but static naturalist,
  ethnic id. overlapping with other types of id.)
• Sociobiologists - mechanisms of nepotism and
  inclusive fitness based on genetic reproductive
  capacity (reductionism)
• 2. Instrumentalists
• Symbols for political goals, rational choices.
  Socially constructed nature of ethnicity.
• But neglect wider cultural environment,
  affective and collective dimensions. Interests
  only in material terms.

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Approaches to ethnicity cont.

• 3. Transactionalists
• Frederick Barth social boundaries, ascribed
  ethnicity
• 4. Social psychological
• Horowitz, Tajfel
• 5. Ethno-symbolists
• Myths symbols. nostalgia AD Smith, Armstrong
• (Hutchinson, Smith Introduction)
• See also Cornell, Hartmann
• Circumstantialists vs Primordialists

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Race

• Biology natural sciences no longer since late
  70s (see researches in genetics bellow)
• Race remains a legitimate concept for
  sociological analysis because social actors treat
  is as real and organise their lives and practices
  by reference to it (van den Berghe)
• Robert Miles race is only an ideological
  construct that is used by social scientists for
  legitimising the status quo
• D. Mason Clearly there are no such things as
  races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers
  of people behave as if there are

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Race cont.

• Mason race is a social relationship in which
  structural positions and social actions are
  ordered, justified, and explained by reference to
  systems of symbols and beliefs which emphasise
  the social and cultural relevance of biologically
  rooted characteristics.
• In other words, the social relationship race
  presumes the existence of racism and
  institutional racism.
• Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon
  (1990) Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and
  human nature, London Penguin Books
• Stephen Gould (1996) The Mismeasure of Man
• Ellis Cashmore (1996) Dictionary of race and
  thnic relations

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Preamble of the EU Race Directive

• The European Union rejects theories which
  attempt to determine the existence of separate
  human races. The use of the term "racial origin"
  in this Directive does not imply an acceptance of
  such theories.
• Race is a social construct, i.e. a category
  without any biological underpinning

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Race vs ethnicity

• Race is often treated as ideology
• ethnicity as a real phenomenon.
• Racial refers mainly to physical terms,
• ethnic rather to cultural terms.
• Race refers to them,
• ethnicity to us.
• Both concepts always imply social relationship.

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Minority

• group of people distinguished by physical or
  cultural characteristics
• subject do different and unequal treatment by
  the society in which they live
• and who regard themselves as victims of
  collective discrimination
• 1945 Louis Wirth

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Minority - cont.

• must be a 'non dominant' group
• its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or
  linguistic characteristics differing from those
  of the rest of the population
• must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of
  solidarity, directed towards preserving their
  culture, traditions, religion or language'
• (Capotorti as quoted from MRG)
• Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical
  majority in a state,
• those who are not necessarily nationals or
  citizens of the state where they reside.
• MRG

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Multiculturalism

• Conservative (diversity as a deficit, communit.)
• Left essentialist (Afrocentrism, also communit.)
• Liberal (natural equality, lack of opportunities,
  decontextualisation, depolitisation)
• but procedural liberalism vs communitarian
  liber. Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka (see also politics
  of recognition)
• Pluralist - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation)
  vs melting pot

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Multiculturalism cont.

• Critical MC (Frankfurt School, power,
  emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection)
• Antiracist (life chances - CERES)
• Reflexive (Ali Ratansi Derrida Giddens)
• Cosmopolitan
• Ethnicity as habitus (Bourdieu)
• Hybridity (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall)
  rooting vs shifting
• (see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)

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Multiculturalism cont.

• V. Parrillo three models of minority
  integration
• Assimilation (majority- comformity)
• Amalgamation (melting pot)
• Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)
• Multiculturalism diversity cooperation
• Parillo, 1997

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State policies incl. MCP

• Eva Sobotka policies twds the Roma in CEE
• Exclusion
• Assimilation
• Co-existence
• Multiculturalism
• Sobotka 2003

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MCP target groups (minorities)/claims and
expectations

• 1. Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)
• National minorities (Can., Eur.) Autonomy
• 2. Legal immigrants, gastarbeiters,
• refugees Fair terms of integration
• Irregular illegal immigrants (denizens/metics)
• 3. AfroAmericans Inclusion
• 4. Roma Positive action
• 5. Ch. Jews, Amish, etc Difficult case
• Kymlicka
• stages communitarian, liberal, nation building

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Liberal position

• Dworkin substantial and procedural rights
• Rawls individual autonomy supplemented by
  non-discrimination provisions should always carry
  more importance than collective rights

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Arguments against ethnocultural neutrality of the
state

• Education
• Legal system
• Diffusion of language
• Relation to different ethnical/ethical questions
• slavery, polygamy, polyandry, incest, euthanasia,
  suicide, capital punishment, abortion, coerced
  marriages, divorce on demand, gay and lesbian
  marriages, etc.

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Ethnocultural justice (Kymlicka)

• Two main ideas
• Minorities are also entitled to various degrees
  of nation-building
• Minority rights are a supplement not a substitute
  for human rights

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Multiculturalism cont.

• Integration, inclusion, inclusive education
• Intercultural vs multiculrural
• Politics of redistribution,
• of recognition (Frazer)
• politics of equal dignity (Autonomy)
• politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor)

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Racism isms

• sexism, disableism, ageism, homophobia
• Neil Thompson
• Racism can be defined as an attitude (ideology)
  or action (behaviour) that disadvantages
  individuals or groups on the basis of their
  racial inferiority1, mainly by means of
  limiting their access to scarce resources.1
  Racial difference or racial inferiority is often
  perceived or constructed in terms of different
  culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.

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Explanations of racism

• 1. Psychological Some people are like that
• 2. Lack of knowledge, ignorance To know
  is to love
• 3. Intergroup relations Birds of a feather
• 4. Individuals are racists because the
  structures, practices, and values of our society
  are racist. Its the system

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Discrimination/ismsPersonal Cultural -
StructuralNeil Thompson
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Racisms cont.

• from violent attacks or scapegoating
• to paternalistic crypto-racist assistance to m.
• tendency to deny racism (unacceptable)
• two main meanings
• 1) ideology (beliefs) about racial superiority
• 2) the whole complex of factors which produce
  racial discrimination and sometimes also those
  which produce racial disadvantage
• Cashmore

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Racism as ideology

• 1. the so called scientific racism of the 19th
  century, manifested for example in the
  publication by Herrnstein, Murray, 1995
• 2. popular racism or common sense racism that
  is based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe
  that ones own cultural paradigm is universal,
  neutral and superior to any other culture

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In other words

• Racism
• 1. denies all difference in the name of
  universality of the human nature, but
  unconsciously it takes back this universality to
  the dominant model
• 2. uses the obvious differences to turn them
  into instruments of domination, exploitation,
  condemnation, exclusion, or extermination.

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Racisms- cont.

• Racism, in short, involves
• stereotypes about difference and inferiority
• use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate
• The Parekh Report, 2000
• Attitudes
• Behaviour
• Structures

Inequality
Prejudice
Discrimination
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Racisms cont.

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•  
•  
•  
•  
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Prejudice
Exclusion
Discrimination
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Assimilation and Racism (Bauböck)
 
 
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assimilationist policies inclusiveness
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Assimilationist model

• DIFFERENCE DEFICIT
• ASSIMILATION
•  
•   
• COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES
• Does the individual fit
• into the System or Institution? 
•  

ASSIMILATION
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Curriculum (Multiculturalism) model

• Cultural Effects
•  CULTURES
• LIFESTYLES ATTITUDES
• PLURALIST
• TOLERANCE AND HARMONY
•  Does the organisation of this institution
• recognise Diversity ?  
•  

PLURALIST
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Equity/Rights Model

• Social and Political Effects
•  EQUITY PARTICIPATION
• ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
• LIFE CHANCES
• Are people enabled in this institution?
• Do the structures allow for
• achievement, growth and opportunities?

ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
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Enlarged Europe May 2004

• Green paper on Equality and non-discrimination
  in an enlarged European Union
• http//www.stop-discrimination.info
• http//europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/fundam
  ental_rights/greenpaper_en.htm
• http//www.enar-eu.org/en/info/fact18.shtml

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Institutional racism

• 1999 The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry
• Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of
  Cluny, also at www.official-documents.co.uk/docume
  nt/cm42/4262/4262.htm mainly chapter 6,
  pp. 26-28
• Institutional Racism defined as The collective
  failure of an organisation to provide an
  appropriate and professional service to people
  because of their colour, culture or ethnic
  origin. It can be seen or detected in processes,
  attitudes and behaviour which amount to
  discrimination through unwitting prejudice,
  ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist
  stereotyping which disadvantages minority ethnic
  people.