Appendicular Skeleton Limbs

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Appendicular Skeleton - Limbs

• Origin of limbs
• Crawling
• Superorder Crossopterygii
• Subclass Labyrinthodontia

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Transition to land(lobe fins)
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Function and Trends

• Locomotion
• Support
• Functional diversification distally
• Decreased number of bones

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Limb Structure

• Propodium
• Humerus pectoral appendage
• Femur pelvic appendage
• Epipodium
• Radius Ulna pectoral appendage
• Tibia Fibula pelvic appendage

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Limb Structure

• Mesopodium
• Carpals in pectoral appendage
• Tarsals in pelvic appendage
• Metapodium
• Metacarpals in pectoral appendage
• Metatarsal in pelvic appendage
• Phalanges
• Bones of the digits (fingers, toes, claws.)

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Limbs

• Manus is forefoot or hand. It includes
  mesopodium, metapodium, phalanges
• Pes is hindfoot or foot. It includes mesopodium,
  metapodium, phalanges
• Epiphysis and Diaphysis are the Ends and Shaft of
  a long bone

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Limbs - amphibians

• Bone marrow cavity makes blood in tetrapods

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Limbs - Reptiles

• Stronger

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Limbs in Bird

• Digit 2 is long digit of wing
• Phalangeal formula for foot is 2,3,4,5,0

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Limbs - mammals

• Phalangeal formula of 2,3,3,3,3 on human hands
  and feet
• Very prominent olecranon process

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Key Points

• The axial/appendicular (choose one) skeleton is
  more important for movement in fish.
• The axial/appendicular (choose one) skeleton is
  more important for movement in tetrapods.

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Dermal or Replacement?

• Scapula
• Operculum
• Vertebrae
• Nasal
• Clavicle
• Rib
• Squamosal

• Femur
• Dentary
• Articular
• Stapes
• Posttemporal
• Splenial
• Radius