Poiuriai i painimo galimybes

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Poiuriai i painimo galimybes

• Skepticizmas

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Abejone del painimo galimybes

• Ka ir kiek galima painti
• Kokios inios teisingos

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Agnosticizmas

• Kratutinis skepticizmas

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In ordinary usage

• In ordinary usage, skepticism or scepticism
  (Greek skeptomai, to look about, to consider
  see also spelling differences) refers to
• an attitude of doubt or a disposition to
  incredulity either in general or toward a
  particular object,
• the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in
  a particular area is uncertain, or
• the method of suspended judgment, systematic
  doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of
  skeptics (MerriamWebster).
• Wikipedia

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In philosophy

• In philosophy, skepticism refers more
  specifically to any one of several propositions.
  These include propositions about
• the limitations of knowledge,
• a method of obtaining knowledge through
  systematic doubt and continual testing,
• the arbitrariness, relativity, or subjectivity of
  moral values,
• a method of intellectual caution and suspended
  judgment,
• a lack of confidence in positive motives for
  human conduct or positive outcomes for human
  enterprises, that is, cynicism and pessimism
  (Keeton, 1962).
• Wikipedia

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Philosophical skepticism

• In philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a
  position that refrains from making truth claims.
  A philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth
  is impossible (which would be a truth claim). The
  label is commonly used to describe other
  philosophies which appear similar to
  philosophical skepticism, such as "academic"
  skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that
  claimed knowledge of truth was impossible.
  Empiricism is a closely related, but not
  identical, position to philosophical skepticism.
  Empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic
  compromise between philosophical skepticism and
  nomothetic science philosophical skepticism is
  in turn sometimes referred to as "radical
  empiricism.
• Wikipedia

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In classical philosophy

• In classical philosophy, skepticism refers to the
  teachings and the traits of the Skeptikoi, a
  school of philosophers of whom it was said that
  they "asserted nothing but only opined" (Liddell
  and Scott). In this sense, philosophical
  skepticism, or pyrrhonism, is the philosophical
  position that one should avoid the postulation of
  final truths. Turned on itself, skepticism would
  question that skepticism is a valid perspective
  at all.
• Wikipedia

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In ancient Greek philosophy

• Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient
  Greek philosophy. One of its first proponents was
  Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275 B.C.), who traveled
  and studied as far as India, and propounded the
  adoption of 'practical' skepticism. Subsequently,
  in the 'New Academy' Arcesilaus (c. 315-241 B.C.)
  and Carneades (c. 213-129 B.C.) developed more
  theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of
  absolute truth and falsity were refuted.
  Carneades criticized the views of the Dogmatists,
  especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that
  absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible.
  Sextus Empiricus (c. A.D. 200), the main
  authority for Greek skepticism, developed the
  position further, incorporating aspects of
  empiricism into the basis for asserting
  knowledge.
• Wikipedia

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Skepticism

• Much of epistemology has arisen either in defense
  of or in opposition to various forms of
  skepticism. Indeed, one could classify various
  theories of knowledge by their responses to
  skepticism. For example, rationalists could be
  viewed as skeptical about the possibility of
  empirical knowledge while not being skeptical
  with regard to a priori knowledge and empiricists
  could be seen as skeptical about the possibility
  of a priori knowledge but not so with regard to
  empirical knowledge. In addition, many
  traditional problems, for example the problem of
  other minds or the problem of our knowledge of
  God's existence, can be seen as restricted forms
  of skepticism which hold that we cannot have
  knowledge of any propositions in some particular
  domain thought to be within our ken.
• SEP

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Skaitiniai

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Skepticism.
  http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism
• Skepticism. Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wik
  i/Skepticism
• Philosophical skepticism. Wikipedia.
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skeptic
  ism