Shrimp Culture in Ponds

1
Pond Culture of Shrimp
2
Major Shrimp Producers

• Asia Pacific Latin America
• Taiwan Ecuador
• Indonesia Mexico
• China
• Thailand
• India
• Philippines

3
Major Shrimp Consumers

• Japan
• United States of America
• Europe

4
Considerations for Planning Prawn Farm Projects

• Capitalization
• Water supply
• Water supply source
• Soil suitability
• Availability of prawn fry
• Prevailing prices-domestic and international
• Generally, profitability would be determined by
  harvest weight and level of production

5
Levels of Production

• Extensive Farming System
• Modified Extensive Farming System
• Semi-Intensive Farming System
• Intensive Farming System

6
Assumptions

• Semi-Intensive stocking rate is 10 pcs per
  square meter with production rate of 2,500
  kgs/hectare
• Intensive culture stocking rate is 30 pcs per
  square meter with production rate of 6,000
  kgs/hectare

7
Economic Analysis of Various Prawn Farming Systems

• Prawn markets the size and growth of local and
  foreign markets influence the profitability of
  prawn farming. Growing markets for prawn provide
  a good incentive in the form of increasing demand
  for the product. The saturation of prawn markets
  is deterrent to expansion because the market is
  already at its peak. When this happens, expansion
  in the demand is possible but under lower prices
  and higher consumer incomes.

8

• Domestic and Foreign Prices the price trend of
  prawn in the local and foreign markets is a
  leading indicator of the future of the industry.
  The industry can sustain its profitability if the
  price does not fall below a minimum level
  necessary to support the farms operating costs.
• Local and Foreign Production competition is
  very stiff when the technology of prawn
  production becomes standardized across national
  boundaries.

9

• Marketing and Processing the quality of the
  prawn produced and the method of marketing
  greatly influences the price received for the
  product. Strict quality standards imposed by
  buyers are deterrent to poor prawn products
  resulting in lower prices.
• Export and Import Duties on Prawns and Foreign
  Exchange Rates the imposition of export and
  import duties in both the selling and buying
  countries increase the final price of the product.

10

• Input Markets availability of suitable land and
  water for prawn culture. Availability of fry,
  feed, power, fertilizer and chemicals.
  Availability of technical manpower,
  infrastructure and equipments. Availability of
  credit.
• Risks and Uncertainties the risks to prawn
  farming increases as the producers also increase
  the level of farming methods and larger farm
  sizes. Risk factors include occurrence of
  diseases and legal restrictions.

11
Comparative Economic Evaluation

• Effective farm size the selected farm size is 7
  hectares for all culture methods in order to
  facilitate comparison of productivity, cost
  structure, profitability and stability.
• Culture periods both extensive and modified
  extensive are cropping twice a year while
  semi-intensive and intensive systems are cropping
  three times a year.

12

• Average yields extensive 350 kgs/ha/crop
  modified extensive 850 kgs/ha/crop
  semi-intensive 2,500 kgs/ha/crop and intensive
  6,500 kgs/ha/crop
• Stocking rates 10,000 PL20/ha/crop for
  extensive 30,000 PL20/ha/crop for modified
  extensive 100,000 PL20/ha/crop for
  semi-intensive and 300,000 PL20/ha/crop for
  intensive.

13
Site Selection Criteria for Intensive Prawn
Farming

• Infrastructure
• Accessibility
• Electricity
• Security
• Availability of labor and other factors
• Water supply
• Soil conditions

14
Pond Design and Construction

• Culture System
• Traditional/Extensive Culture System
• Semi-intensive Culture System
• Intensive culture System
• Open system
• Recirculation system
• Minimal water exchange

15
Farm Design

• Water supply system
• Reservoir
• Supply canals
• Ponds
• Shape
• Size
• Dikes
• Pond linings

16

• Gates for inlet and outlet
• Central drain
• Drainage canal and sedimentation pond
• Waste dumping area
• buildings(office, quarters, garage)

17
Pond Preparation

• Pond Cleaning
• Dry method
• Wet method
• Liming
• Eradication of pests and predators
• Fertilization
• Aeration

18
Stocking

• Fry selection
• Size
• Morphology
• Color
• Behavior
• External fouling
• Pathogen free

19
Stocking Density

• Techniques of Stocking
• Transportation
• Acclimation
• Nursing of post larvae

20
Feeds and Feeding

• Nutrient Requirements
• Protein
• Lipid
• Carbohydrates
• Vitamins
• Minerals

21

• 6. Feed quality
• Ideal feed conversion ration(FCR)
• Ideal attractant ability and pleasant odor
• Good water stability
• Packaging optimal conditions storage

22
Feeding Management
Shrimp Live Body Weight (grams) Recommended Feeding Rate ( Body Weight/Day)
2-3 8.0-7.0
3-5 7.0-5.5
5-10 5.5-4.5
10-15 4.5-3.8
15-20 3.8-3.2
20-25 3.2-2.9
25-30 2.9-2.5
30-35 2.5.2.3
23
Water Quality Management
Parameter Value
Dissolved Oxygen gt4 mg/L
pH 7.5-8.5
Ammonia lt0.1 mg/L
Transparency 30-45 cms
24
pH Adjustment

• At the beginning of a crop cycle, when water pH
  is between 7.5-8.5, apply 5.0-5.0 kgs/hectare of
  Dolomite every 2-3 days
• When pH is in the range of 7.5-8.5 there is
  less than 0.5 unit difference between the pH in
  the morning and the pH in the afternoon, apply
  5.0-8.0 kgs/hectare of Dolomite every 2-3 days

25

• If the pH in the morning is higher than 8.0 and
  the pH in the afternoon is higher than 9.0, apply
  Dolomite at a rate of 5.0-8.0 kgs/hectare
  everyday until the days pH difference is less
  than 0.5
• In the second half of the of the crop cycle,
  apply 8.0 kgs/hectare of Dolomite at least every
  2 days, depending on the water color
• Every time before water exchange, apply 5.0-8.0
  kgs/hectare of Dolomite

26
Water Management System

• Water color control and adjustment
• Water exchange
• Water drainage and treatment
• Water quality, effluent criteria regulations
• Prohibition of shrimp farming mangrove areas
• Farm registration to proper authorities
• Water release from the pond area must be of
  specified quality

27

• Shrimp farms over a certain hectarage must be
  equipped with a waste water treatment pond or
  sedimentation pond of not less than 10 of its
  total land area
• Sediment from a farm must not be released into
  public areas
• Saltwater must not be drained into freshwater
  resources or other farming areas

28
Technology for Effluent Treatment

• Physical Treatment
• Chemical Treatment
• Biological Treatment

29
Disease Prevention and Treatment

• Parasitic Infestation
• Fusarium disease
• Black gill disease
• Etiological agent Fusarium spp.
• Clinical signs brownish to blackish
  discoloration on the gills of the juveniles
• Diagnostic Procedures diagnostic examination of
  wet mounts of the gills of the shrimp.

30

• Treatment no treatment available without harming
  the shrimp
• Prevention/Control no information on prevention
  and control, however, good management of the pond
  bottom and prevention of the entry of wild
  crustaceans into the pond, which may carry
  pathogen, can be an effective control practices

31
Surface Fouling Disease

• Etiological Agent bacteria, algae, protozoa,
  Leucouthrix spp., Flavobacterium sp.,Zoothamnium
  sp.
• Clinical Signs infected shrimps show black/brown
  gills or appendage discoloration or fuzzy/cottony
  appearance due to heavy colony of the organism

32

• Diagnostic Procedures wet mount preparations of
  biopsied gills, mandibular palp and appendage
  examination by bright field, phase contrast
  microscopy or routine H E stained paraffin
  sections
• Treatment chlorine and formalin are often used
  to treat those commensal organisms if shrimp
  display heavy infection. Changing water is the
  most preferable management which stimulates
  molting of the shrimp in order to reduce the
  infestation

33
Bacterial Infection

• Luminous Vibrosis
• Etiological Agent Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio
  vulnificus
• Clinical Signs high mortality rate in young
  juveniles (1 month syndrome). Moribund shrimp
  hypoxic often come to the surface and edges of
  the pond. Vertical swimming behavior immediately
  before onset of acute mortality. Presence of
  luminescent shrimp in ponds

34

• Diagnostic Procedures
• Presumptive Diagnosis
• Observation of occurrences of typical clinical
  signs such as presence of large number of
  rod-shaped bacteria in the hemolymph (wet mounts)
• 2. Histological Diagnosis
• Observation of occurrences of multifocal
  melanized and/or non-melanized hemocytic nodules
  with septic centers are the principal diagnostic
  feature of systemic organ, heart, gills
  hepatopancreas (proximal tubules)

35

• Isolation, identification and antibiotic
  sensitivity of the organism
• Treatment disinfection of intake water (formalin
  100-200 ppm). Anti-microbial preparation
  application through feeds
• - oxolinic acid 0.6 ppm
• - Sarafloxacin 5 mg/kg of feeds
• for 5 days
• Prevention and Control proper pond and water
  management. Utilization of reservoir for water
  intake.