Shrimp Aquaculture

1
Shrimp Aquaculture
2
Growth of global population and food production
between 1980 and 1990
3
Global status of shrimp farming
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Aquaculture
Fishery catch
The world shrimp production was 4.2 million tons
in 2002 (FAO,2004). The aquaculture contribution
(1,3 mt) reached 30 of total landings the same
year production is estimated to be around 1.5
million t in 2003.
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The activity is characterized by

• Rapid expansion of the production

• Growing use of captive broodstocks vs wild

• Intensification of farm density and
  productions

• Active transfers of species and live animals

• Drastic crisis due to the proliferation of
  virus diseases

• Increased concern for environment preservation

• Severe competition on export markets

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• World Production of Tropical Shrimp Capture vs.
  Aquaculture, 1979-1999

FAS, USDA
Source Haby et. al. Texas shrimp study.
Shell-on, headless.
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George Chamberlain (WAS),2003
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World harvest of farmed marine shrimp in 1999 was
814,250 MT
Thailand 200,000 MT China 110,000
MT Indonesia 100,000 MT Ecuador 85,000
MT India 70,000 MT
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Penaeus monodon
Ferreropenaeus chinensis
Penaeus indicus
Litopenaeus stylirostris
World production is based upon 4 main species
82 is produced in Asia
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x
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George Chamberlain (WAS),2003
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• Leading Importers of Shrimp in 2002

FAS, USDA
Source Global Trade Atlas, with FAS estimates.
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Note Frozen, headless, shell-on, 16-20
count Source FAO GLOBEFISH
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Antidumping

• US introduced antidumping regulations in 2003/4.
• General economic conditions lean towards
  protectionism- high supply, buyers can be choosy.
• Aquaculture shrimp from Asia is cheaper than that
  produced in the US and from wild fishery. Hence
  strict Drug Residue Testing and introduction on
  taxes on importations makes US producers more
  competitive.
• Test for Mostly Antibiotics Zero tolerance by
  both EU and US markets - trace levels detected
  force product withdrawals.

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http//www.fas.usda.gov/ffpd/Fishery_Products_Pres
entations/Shrimp/SHRIMP04final.pdf
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Shrimp industry in Fiji, and the South Pacific
region

• New Caledonia had 12 farms (4 hatcheries) in 2003
  and is the largest producer in the South Pacific.
  Tahiti has a few farms. Fiji currently has 3 or 4
  commercial shrimp farms, Vanuatu has one, and
  other neighbouring countries are interested.
• In the past Fiji farms imported PLs from
  reputable hatcheries in Australia, but ceased
  when Australian viral disease situation became
  known.
• Viruses found in Fiji of MBV- maybe occurs in
  nature but the diseases symptoms are yet to be
  seen.
• In 1999 Fijis shrimp market was 600T- demand
  from tourism industry and from local demand- with
  demand annually increasing. Fishery/aquaculture
  supplies only 200T (150T from wild fishery 50T
  farmed). Remaining 400T was imported from Asia.
• New Caledonia is the biggest producer and mainly
  exports to France and Japan.

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Current Production in New Caledonia
GFA, New Caledonia
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Land Area of Region
Source The Far East and Australasia, 1988. Europa
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Environmental Concerns

• Mangrove destruction- Mangroves were previously
  regarded as wastelands and hence cleared and used
  for aquaculture amongst many other uses.
• The soils and conditions of tidal aquaculture was
  however found to be highly undesirable and of low
  productivity.
• Hence farms were moved inland sourcing the water
  through rivers and channels.
• Waste water from ponds can then be flushed
  through the mangroves where nutrients are reduced
  before they reach the sea.

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A 37 Ha farm established in 1995 in New Caledonia
with an annual production of 150 tons.
Before
After
Ifremer, 2003
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Other Concerns

• wetland losses
• eutrophication and sedimentation of receiving
  waters
• salination of soils and aquifers
• disease transfers to wild stocks
• exotic species introductions
• discharge of toxic and/or bioreactive substances
• reduced biodiversity in shrimp cultured areas
• creation of social inequities and problems.

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Major Constraints in the Pacific

• The lack of consistant supply of high quality and
  quantity of Post-larvae are needed as a backbone
  for the industry.
• Local Feed availability- most feeds are imported
  out of Asia at a high cost. A local supplier
  produces some feeds in Fiji but the feeds need to
  be further developed.
• Government and Investor support.
• Land Issues
• Technical and Skilled personnel
• Market confidence- Can we supply consistently?
• A case-study of the New Caledonian industry will
  be presented during the next lecture.

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Geographic Range

• Marine shrimp are native to all the oceans and
  seas of the world and numerous species are
  farmed.

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Shrimp Species

• Giant Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
• Named for its huge size and banded tail, P.
  monodon still accounts for most of the farmed
  shrimp coming out of Asia, but it's likely to
  lose that position to P. vannamei over the next
  couple of years.
• Native to the Indian Ocean and the southwestern
  Pacific Ocean from Japan to Australia, "tigers"
  are the largest (maximum length 363 mm) and
  fastest growing of the farmed shrimp.
• They tolerate a wide range of salinities, but
  shortages of wild broodstock often exist, captive
  breeding is difficult and hatchery survivals are
  low (20 to 30). Tigers are very susceptible to
  two of the most lethal shrimp viruses yellowhead
  and whitespot.
• Reddish-orange on the sides and pearly-white on
  the top and bottom

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Shrimp Species

• Western White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
• Native to the Pacific coast of Central and South
  America,
• Leading farm-raised species in the Western
  Hemisphere, representing more than 95 of
  production.
• Because vannamei feeds on organisms which grow
  naturally in the pond, it is cheaper to feed than
  monodon.
• White shrimp can be stocked at small sizes, have
  a uniform growth rate and reach a maximum length
  of 230 millimeters.
• They breed in captivity better than monodon
• Hatchery survivals are high, from 50 to 60.
  Throughout Latin America, hatcheries maintain
  captive stocks of vannamei broodstock.
• Look for it to become the dominant species in
  Asia over the next couple of years.

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Shrimp Species

• Chinese White Shrimp (Penaeus chinensis)
• Native to the coast of China and the west coast
  of the Korean peninsula.
• Chinese white shrimp grow better in lower water
  temperatures (down to 16 degrees Celsius) than
  vannamei and monodon
• Tolerate muddy bottoms and very low
  salinitiesand, unlike the above species, Chinese
  white shrimp readily mature and spawn in ponds.
• On the negative side, they have a high protein
  requirement (40 to 60), a small size (maximum
  length of 183 millimeters), and a lower meat
  yield (56) than monodon (61) and vannamei
  (63).
• Also, chinensis appears to be more susceptible to
  viruses than vannamei.

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Penaeus japonicus
Penaeus chinensis
Penaeus indicus
Penaeus pencillatus
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Penaeus merguiensis Litopenaeus stylirostris
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Shrimp Species

• Brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus)
• Found in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
• Most abundant of the three Gulf Shrimp
• The brown shrimp is closely related to the pink
  shrimp
• The brown shrimp is found in murkier and often
  deeper water.
• Spawn offshore from November to April.
• Young adults move out of protected marsh areas
  from May to July.
• Excellent bait species candidate

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Internal External Anatomy of a Penaeid Shrimp
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Penaeid Shrimp Life Cycle
Shrimp have a maximum life span of about 24
months.
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Larval Staging

• Penaeid Shrimp pass through three larval stages
• Nauplii
• Zoeal (Protozoea)
• Mysis
• (M.rosenbergii only undergo one stage after
  hatching
• Protozoea (stages I-XI).
• Nauplii stages occurs within the eggs while
  attached to the pleopods of the female.)
• Postlarval (PL) follows larval stages
• Look like shrimp by this stage

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Nauplii Stage

• Six sub-stages
• May lose 25
• Nauplii sub-stages take approximately 48 hours
• 36-51 hour range depending on temperature
• Begin feeding at N6

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Zoeal Stage

• Zoea feed on phytoplankton
• Three zoeal substages
• 120 hrs
• 36-48 hrs per stage

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Mysis Stage

• Look like adult shrimp
• Begin to swim backwards
• Three sub-stages
• Each last 24 hrs

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Post Larvae

• Postlarvae (PL)
• PL1 one day PL
• 0.0008 g/PL1
• PL 20 20 day PL
• 0.02 g/PL20
• Swimming seta present on pleopods
• Reared in tanks or raceways
• Stocked in ponds beginning around PL15-PL20.

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Larval FeedingZoea

• Isochrysis
• Brown algae
• (3-5 mm)
• Chaetoceros
• Diatom
• (4-6 mm)
• Tetraselmis
• Green algae
• (10-15 mm)

Isochrysis
Chaetoceros
Tetraselmis
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Algae Culture
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Larval FeedingMysis

• Feed large algae cells early on
• Switch to artemia (brine shrimp) for later stages

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Larval FeedingPostlarvae

• Artemia
• 6/ml at PL4 decreasing to 0 by PL11
• Formulated diet
• 35 protein
• 3 fat
• Feeding rate
• 200 bwt/day
• 50 X 4 times per day

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Source of Post-larvae

• Wild Caught Pls
• Source Dan Fegan Presentation

• Hatchery Reared Pls

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Hatchery Types

• Eastern from Japanese and Taiwanese style-
  Community Culture system

• Western from Galveston style- clear water
  systems

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Asian Hatchery Types
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• Major differences amongst hatcheries in Asia and
  the West include
• Closed vs open thelycum species
• Hatchery sizes are generally smaller and less
  complex
• Survival rates generally are lower
• Asian industry is more diverse
• With exposure to western techniques hatcheries in
  Asia are converging technologies.

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Major issues in commercial hatcheries

• Broodstock and genetics

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• Development in this area is gaining momentum.
  Areas of focus include
• Availability and quality
• Health status
• Nutrition
• Domestication improvement
• Specific pathogen free (SPF) and Specific
  pathogen resistant (SPR) strains

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Diseases

• Diseases- viruses and bacterial are the biggest
  concern to the shrimp industry.
• Importation of Pls may lead to further spread of
  diseases.
• Diseases may also be passed from broodstock to
  pls (vertical transmission).
• Other bacterial problems trouble many hatcheries.

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The White Spot Pandemic (WSSV)
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Hatchery Processes

• Broodstock fed, maintained and cared for in
  maturation room. Males and females held
  separately.

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• If wild caught brooders are available- females at
  stage IV are best followed by stage III.

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• If no wild gravid females are available then
  females held in tanks can be used. However they
  do not usually develop eggs easily in captivity.
  Ovarian development can be stimulated by eye
  stalk ablation- removing one eye just below the
  eye stalk.

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Eye-stalk Ablation
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Mating
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Spawning Room

• This room contains tanks in which the females
  spawn their eggs. Mature females at stage IV are
  removed and transferred to a spawning tank. The
  tanks are kept dark to mimic the deep sea
  conditions in which they spawn. Spawning
  generally occurs between 10pm -2am with the
  shrimp frantically swimming around the tank
  releasing her eggs.
• The next day the female is removed and returned
  to the maturation room but to a separate tank.
• The tank is wiped clean and the aeration reduced
  to allow the eggs to incubate and hatch.
• Female shrimp may produce between 200,000 to 1.2
  million eggs depending on their size, source and
  no. of times they have spawned.

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• Spawning Tanks

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• After eggs are spawned they are washed with clean
  seawater, treated with formalin or povodine
  iodine, washed and transferred to hatching tanks.
  Alternatively they maybe allowed to hatch in the
  spawning tank and newly hatched nauplii are then
  collected and subjected to the same treatment.

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Fertilized Egg development

• 0-30min after hatch.
• 1 Hr after hatch.
• 1 and half hr.
• 3-4 hrs- rapid cell division
• 11-12 hrs
• 13 hrs after
• By 15 hrs most
• nauplii have
• hatched.

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Unfertilized Eggs

• The best sampling time is 1-1 and half hrs after
  spawning. The unfertilized eggs undergo
  asymmetrical cleavage.

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Larval Rearing Tanks (LRT)

• After hatching, collection, treatment and
  counting nauplii are transferred to LRTs.

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Post-larvae produced after 12-15 days.
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Post-Larval Quality

• Pl quality is critical for farming success.
  Methods used to test this include
• Stress testing with salinity shock or formalin.
• Microscopic evaluation.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for
  viruses- looking for viral DNA or RNA in samples
  of shrimp tissues.

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Major Shrimp Viruses

• MBV- Monodon Baculovirus
• WSSV- White spot syndrome virus
• YHV/ GAV- Yellow head virus/ Gill associated
  virus
• TSV- Taura syndrome virus
• IHHNV- Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic
  Necrosis Virus

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PCR WSSV IHHNV Detection
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General Shrimp Farming Concepts

• Marine shrimp are grown in earthen ponds located
  in coastal areas of countries with tropical and
  subtropical climates.
• Ponds are filled with saltwater pumped from
  estuaries and oceans. Post-larvae are stocked and
  raised in captivity and are ready for harvest in
  90 to 180days, depending on market size, species
  and farm management.

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Farm Location

• Locate ponds close to good quality brackish water
• 5-30 ppt
• Farms can be inland if suitable aquifers are
  available
• Soil should have high clay content
• 25 or more
• Water table should not be within three feet of
  surface
• Farm types include

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Viet-Nam India Bangladesh

• Extensive production earth ponds

• Small to large size ponds (0,5 to 10 ha)
• Limited water renewal (tide, pumps)
• Little or no feeding
• Stocking density
• Yields 150 to 1000 kg/ha

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Brazil Thailand Ecuador

• Semi-Intensive production earth ponds

• Large ponds (5 to 20 ha)
• Water renewal (tidal/pumped)
• No aeration
• Stocked with 15-25 Pl/m2
• Yield 1,5 to 4 t/ha/crop
• 15g Vanamei in 120 days
• survival 80 (Brazil)
• FCR 1.5/3.0

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New Caledonia

• Semi Intensive production earth ponds

• Medium size ponds (3 to 10 ha)
• Medium-high water renewal
• No aeration
• Stocked with 15-25 Pl/m2
• Yield 2-3 t/ha/crop
• 22g Stylirostris in 120 days
• FCR 1.8/2.4

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New caledonia

• Semi Intensive production earth ponds
  with aeration

• Medium size ponds (3 to 10 ha)
• Medium-high water renewal
• Aeration (10-20 hp/ha)
• Stocked with 25-40 Pl/m2
• Yield 4-6 t/ha/crop
• 22g Stylirostris in 120 days
• FCR 1.8/2.4

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Thailand Indonesia Brazil Mexico Nicaragua

• Intensive production Low or  0 exchange 
  earth ponds

• Small size ponds (0,5 to 3 ha)
• Low or no water renewal
• Extensive aeration (20-40 hp/ha)
• Stocked with 40-130 Pl/m2
• Final density 5-8 t/ha/crop
• 25g Monodon in 110 days or
• 15g Vanamei in 90 days

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Indonesia Latin America Seychelles

• Intensive production liner coated ponds

• Small to med size ponds (0.5 to 2 ha)
• Water renewal or 0 exchange (disease)
• Aeration 30-60 hp/ha
• Stocked with 150-300 Pl/sqm2
• Yield 7-10 t/ha/crop
• Survival 60-70
• 30g Monodon in 110 days
• 16g Vannamei in 140 days

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Brazil Malaysia Maldives

• Intensive production cage culture

• Small to large cages in sheltered areas
• Natural water exchange
• Association with Gracilaria culture
• High density Monodon or Vannamei

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USA Mexico

• Hyper intensive production  0 exchange 
  liner coated ponds

• Small size raceways (0,05 to 0.2 ha)
• Green House shelter
• No water renewal
• Aeration 100-200 hp/ha
• Recirculation through filters
• Stocked with 200-400 PL/m2
• Final density 3 kg/m2
• 15g Vannamei in 90 days
• FCR 1.2/1.4

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Shrimp Farming in New Caledoniaby Yves Harache
A french island in the South Pacific

• 1500 km East of Queensland
• 1800 North of New Zealand
• 5000 km West of Tahiti

• Latitude 18-23S
• Longitude 158-172E

• surface 18 875 km2
• EEZ 1 450 000 km2
  

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Historical milestones

• 1970-73 UNPD-FAO project for evaluation of
  Shrimp Aquaculture

- Support from the Institutions of New
Caledonia - Site selection for experimental
plant, developed at Saint Vincent in 1972-73 -
Pioneering work, capture rearing trials with
local wild shrimps - First  harvest  of pilot
1ha pond in april 1973
Penaeus monodon Penaeus semisulcatus Metapenaeus
ensis Penaeus merguiensis Penaeus
monoceros Penaeus longistylus
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• 1970-73 NUPD-FAO project for evaluation of
  Shrimp Aquaculture

• 1973-79 investigations of the local
  possibilities of development

- Structuration of RD creation of AQUACAL -
Strong back-up by AQUACOP research team from
Tahiti
Litopenaeus stylirostris
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• 1970-73 NUPD-FAO project for evaluation of
  Shrimp Aquaculture

• 1973-78 investigations of the local
  possibilities of development

• 1978 first application farm

significant imports of P. Stylirostris
After the initial introductions (1978-81) no
other imports of Stylirostris were done except
limited experimental batches from Tahiti in 1994
under  quarantine .
The development was based on this unique species,
whose strain reproduced since this date,
expressed a resistance to IHHN virus.
New Caledonia became one of the first countries
to develop an industrial shrimp farming activity
based exclusively upon a domesticated broodstock
(26 generations in 2004).
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• 1970-73 NUPD-FAO project for evaluation of
  Shrimp Aquaculture

• 1973-78 investigations of the local
  posibilities of development

• 1978 first application farm next to
  research facility

• 1982-95 development phase

- First two commercial farms (1983) - Local
production of manufactured feeds (1984) - First
private hatchery packing plant at SODACAL
(1988) - Apparition of cold season mortalities
due to vibrio penaeicida (1993) - SOPAC
develops modern processing and export factory in
Nouméa (1995) - Apparition of summer mortalities
due to vibrio nigripulchritudo
in one farm (1997)
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Technical choices Environment
preservation
Farms were progressively established with concern
to preserve coastal environment.
Pond construction has been carefully adapted to
each site morphology, using sand-mud tidal flats
behind the mangrove
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Exemple of a 37 hectares farm established in
1995, producing 150 tons annually
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For a total pond surface of 500 ha in 2003, it is
estimated that mangrove destruction has been less
than 5 hectares.
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Coexistence of three types of farms
8 ha
130 ha
42 ha
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Different levels of intensification
Aeration in all ponds
Partial aeration
No aeration
Allowing annual production yields ranging from
2.5 to 5.5 tons/ha
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A main constant objective Quality
In order to face high production costs and severe
competition on exports markets, the New
Caledonian production has chosen very strict
quality criteria, concerning all industry members

- Certified procedures for hatchery production
sanitary conditions - 30 days dry out periods
between cycles - Organic fertilizers
Antibiotics strictly prohibited - Limited
stocking densities and instantaneous density by
sqare meter. - Minimum rearing period before
harvest - Specifications for Feed formulation -
Control of sanitary conditions for harvest,
transportation processing - Active quality
control organized with veterinarian authorities -
High quality standards at processing plant,
elimination of non-conforms
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Problems and limiting factors
88
Number of farms, total surface of ponds and
production is expected to increase significantly
in the next 4 years, while the level of
intensification will not be changed.
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Organization of the sector
R E S E A R C H