Shrimp Aquaculture/ Mangrove Management

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Shrimp Aquaculture/ Mangrove Management

• Marcia Anderson

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The Blue Revolution

• Over ½ world population is in coastal areas
• Today our oceans are beleaguered by overfishing,
  pollution and mass destruction of coastal
  resources via unsustainable forms of modern
  development.
• Proposed solution Aquaculture to turn the
  tide on food production from the seas and
  waterways.
• Aquaculture establishment of man-made
  enclosures to raise aquatic life forms.

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Importance of Mangroves Nurseries

• A wide diversity of animals are found in
  mangrove swamps. These ecosystems sustain
  billions of worms, protozoa, barnacles, oysters,
  and other invertebrates. These organisms in turn
  feed fish and shrimp, which support wading birds,
  pelicans, larger fish and more.

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Importance of Mangroves

• Mangrove swamps function as nurseries for shrimp
  and recreational fisheries, exporters of organic
  matter to adjacent coastal food chains, and
  enormous sources of valuable nutrients.

• Commercial fisheries also depend on mangroves for
  the perpetuation of important species such as
  lobster, shrimp, and snapper.
• Mangrove detritus (dead leaves and twigs) in
  water grows microorganisms that provide food for
  young marine animals.

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Coastline Protection

• Mangroves protect the coastline by acting as
  wave breaks.

Walters Dock Mangroves (MA 2002)

• The physical stability of mangroves helps to
  prevent shoreline erosion, shielding inland areas
  from severe damage during hurricanes and tidal
  waves.
• Mangroves can be damaged by storms or freezes but
  usually recover.

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Pollution Mitigation

• As a natural member of estuary systems, mangroves
  mitigate the environmentally adverse and
  destructive effects of development and
  consequential pollution, while contributing to
  coastline protection and a healthy marine
  environment.

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Pollution Mitigation

• Mangroves contribute to improved water quality by
  filtering and assimilating pollutants,
  stabilizing bottom sediments, and protecting
  shorelines from erosion.

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Loss of Mangroves

• Coastal forested areas are shrinking
• Building of infrastructure
• Resorts
• Aquaculture
• Case Studies India, Honduras, Vietnam, Thailand,
  Ecuador, Columbia, Taiwan, China, Netherlands.

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Loss of Mangroves

• Mangrove forests cleared to make way for shrimp
  ponds.
• Shrimp farms replace a diverse, multiple resource
  environment with monoculture.
• Hundreds of thousands of hectares of mangrove
  forests lost to shrimp farming.
• Salinization and pollution of both land and
  waterways ruins both fisheries and crop
  production.

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Mangrove Losses from Shrimp Farms

• Mangrove deforestation is contributing to
  fisheries decline
• Degradation of clean water supplies,
• Salinization of coastal soils
• Erosion
• Land subsidence
• Acid Sulfate soils pHlt4.2
• Release of CO2 into atmosphere
• Mangrove forests fix more CO2 than phytoplankton
  in the oceans

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Other Factors Contributing to Mangrove Loss

• Charcoal and Timber industry
• Urban growth pressures
• Pollution problems
• Tourism and mega-resorts

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Degradation and Loss

• Uncontrolled expansion of the shrimp industry led
  to
• immense environmental and social problems
• Degradation and loss of natural coastal resources
• Unsolved pollution problems
• Despoiling local estuaries and inshore coastal
  bays
• Fish breeding and nursery habitats lost to shrimp
  farms

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Problems with Shrimp Aquaculture

• Unsustainable aquaculture development due to
  intensive shrimp culture
• Rapid expansion of industry and degradation
• Pond water discharged, releasing nutrients and
  pollutants into coastal waters
• Pesticides Antibiotics into mainstream
• Waste products cause increased suspended solids,
  total carbon, total phosphorus, biochemical
  oxygen demands
• Siltation of tidal zones
• Local people lost former fisheries, livelihoods,
  homes and culture

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Causes of Disuse and Abandonment of Shrimp Ponds

• Shrimp aquaculture requires clean water , yet for
  higher production, over feeding, antibiotics,
  pesticides, chemicals foul the water.
• Buildup on pond floor unused feed, feces lead to
  shrimp diseases and toxification of pond waters.
• Danger of genetic contamination and lowering
  biodiversity, especially when farm raised shrimp
  are released into the wild.

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Global Shrimp Trade

• internationalization of "free" trade
• reduced tariffs, quotas, non-tariff trade
  barriers
• provide exotic products to lucrative markets.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) - with
  international agencies and banks (World Bank,
  etc.)
• Fostering an intensive production -demand
  pattern.
• Developing countries become the suppliers through
  increased loans and credits from lending
  institutions, which typically finance intensive
  monoculture production systems
• Countries with high debt must pay back loans,
  shrimp high profits

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Shrimp Aquaculture Financing

• Governmental Agencies - Create profit incentives
  
• minimal regulation
• Tax incentives
• Tariff-free technology imports
• Income tax-free holidays
• Export credits
• Multilateral Banks
• Transnational Corporations
• Charoen Pokphand, or CP Group Worlds leading
  exporter of shrimp ,
• Mitsubishi, Thailand
• World Bank
• Asian Development Bank

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Vulnerability

• Farmed shrimp industry causing severe
  environmental damage worldwide.
• Countries heavily involved India, Indonesia,
  Thailand, Ecuador
• Industry is moving into Caribbean and Viet Nam
• Reasons
• Cheapness of coastal land
• Poor governmental land use regulations
• Eagerness of local and national elites to profit
• Insatiable desire for shrimp in Japan, US, Canada
  and EU

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Percentage distribution of types of shrimp
farming in main shrimp producing countries
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Issues in India

• India Impacts of industrial aqua farming
• Local communities are being forcibly removed to
  make way for shrimp farms
• Pradesh, India 48,000 people forcibly removed,
  millions displaced
• Human rights violations in almost all sites
  protestors killed and beaten
• Dalit, India community called for
• immediate closure of illegal shrimp pond
• investigation into police atrocities
• compensation villagers for livelihoods lost due
  to pollution.

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More Atrocities

• One shrimp company forcibly displaced 4,000 rice
  paddy farmers
• Bangladesh - Armed guards are stationed to
  protect the ponds from locals
• India People have lost their rice paddies and
  buffaloes. The local water is so contaminated
  that anyone who comes in contact with it gets
  skin disease.
• Thailand - All female labor force, no unions , no
  guaranteed regular employment, every 4 months 2
  months no work
• India Typical paddy employs 50 people, shrimp
  farm only 5
• India- locals threaten illegal shrimp operators,
  police rampaged the village killing locals

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Reactions of the Local People

• Those who eat shrimp in the world, they are
  eating the blood, sweat and livelihood of the
  poor people of the Third World. -- Banka Behary
  Das, India
• We've lost our rice lands, our incomes and our
  buffaloes, what do we have left? -- Kantamma,
  elder and community leader, Nellore, India
• What is tragic is that we are the victims and
  were arrested for defending our rights. Each
  shrimp is a teardrop that belongs to one of us.
  That is how much we suffered. -- Azmi Jalil
• It is a brutal process by which the protein is
  extracted from the poor people and the land which
  is owned by the poor people and this extraction
  is to feed the bloated stomachs of the rich. This
  is certainly a violation of the right to life. --
  Jacob Raj

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Solutions

• Sustainable mangrove management
• Multi-use multi-culture practices Mangrove,
  select timber, fish, shrimp higher yields
• World Band supports rice- fish and rice -FW
  shrimp farms
• Support honey, thatch and medicinal plant
  industries.
• Mangrove reestablishment
• Longer re-growth and regeneration periods
  between crops

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Aquasilviculture

• Mangrove is planted in a shallow central area
  covering 70-80 of site. Build dikes.
• Create a deeper pond in remaining 20 30 area .
• This area dedicated to fish, shrimp and crab.
• After 5 years, mangrove trees can be thinned and
  sold firewood crop, housing material and cattle
  fodder.
• Pruning is necessary to allow light to reach the
  water essential in aquaculture.

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Case Study for integrated mangrove-aquaculture
farming systems in MeKong Delta, Vietnam
Issue mangrove clearance for shrimp farm
(1983-1995 has lost 66,253 ha).
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Solution

• Policy of Forest Land Allocation (including
  reforestation), the recent resettlement policy
  and bank loans.
• Purpose mangrove forest protection and
  sustainable development

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Ca Mau Provence Case Study

• Evaluated current government management policies
  towards integrated mangrove-shrimp farming and
  mangrove-shrimp-crab farming systems in Ca Mau
  Province.
• Evaluated the physical, socio-economic and
  technical aspects of the mangrove-shrimp farming
  and mangrove-shrimp-crab farming systems
  operation.
• Goal To provide recommendations on ways in which
  the integrated mangrove-shrimp farming systems in
  the Mekong Delta can be sustained.

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Forest Land Allocation Program

• Research design Create a series of mixed
  mangrove-shrimp farming systems and compare to
  standard

Mixed farm
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Forest Land Allocation Program

• Household size 5 persons/family
• Resettlement 558 mangrove-aquaculture farming
  households while the land available is limited
  (773 ha), i.e. 1.4ha/household
• Aquaculture tax USD 18.3 /ha/year.
• Bank Loan USD 690/household. 26.7 of the
  households had taken loans.

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Forest Allocation Program

• Education 85 (farmers) have low education,
  effecting their understanding of mangrove
  protection policy and technical knowledge for
  aquaculture.
• Technical advice 91.3 - 97.1 had no training
  in shrimp culture. No technical demonstration
  farms
• Farmers attitudes separate mangrove and
  aquaculture areas.

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• Physical condition of farm
• 79 farms have a high topography due to sediment
  deposition
• Concern for mangrove replanting loss of
  integration between the mangrove and shrimp.

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Forest Allocation Program

• Pond design water depth70 10 cm.
• Sluice gate width ratio 0.9 0.4 m/ha
• 3- Technical aspects
• Shrimp culture technique stocking density 6.4
  5 inds/m2 (both systems) no feeding, no liming
  or fertilizing.
• Crab culture technique 0.09 0.1 crab/m2, no
  feeding, liming or fertilizing.

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Farm production
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Harvest technique
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Results Net profit and profit/cost

• Net profit USD 1,145.2 /household/yr
  (mangrove-shrimp-crab farms) gt mangrove-shrimp
  farms.
• Ratio of profit/cost 121 (mangrove-shrimp-crab
  farms) gt mangrove-shrimp farms (41.3).

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Conclusion

• Allocation of Forest Land policy has great
  socio-economic importance for landless and
  jobless people and contributes to the mangrove
  forest protection and management.
• Bank Loan policy supports the Allocation of
  Forest Land policy and also contributes to the
  development of the integrated mangrove-aquaculture
  farming system.
• The resettlement (from the FZP to the BZ) has an
  important role in mangrove forest protection and
  management but it may create a further population
  pressure in the BZ.
• The farms physical condition not optimal for
  the ecological integration, and the farmers
  shrimp technique was simple, the shrimp and crab
  yields were reasonable in both the farming
  systems. Profit from mangrove-shrimp-crab gt
  mangrove-shrimp farming system.

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Pollution Study

• Thailand.
• Shrimp pond effluent reduced by planting mangrove
  ferns in the estuary near area of water exchange.
• Mangrove ferns reduced
• Suspended solids by 84
• Total organic carbon by 46
• Total phosphorus by 31
• Biochemical oxygen demand by 91

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Sustainable Shrimp Farming

• Happy Shrimp in Rotterdam, Netherlands
• Europes first tropical shrimp farm
• Provides fresh shrimp to local markets and
  restaurants
• Eco-friendly. Near a power plant, uses waste
  heat, shrimp farm waste used in biological filter
  bed
• Safe from antibiotics, pesticides and herbicides

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Solutions

• Ecological Solutions
• Lower intensity and pond density
• Create large buffer zones
• Integrated systems for effluent treatment and
  resource management
• Keep farming within carrying capacity of the
  local environment

• Technological Approach
• Isolate farm from the environment
• Treat and re-circulate pond water
• Sterilize pond environment
• Use of antibiotics and medicines
• Genetic selection for disease resistance

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Recommendations

• Education should be improved and also creation
  of alternative or new jobs should be promoted
• Extension activities should be available more
  frequently.
• More research on improving shrimp culture in
  mangrove areas to reduce the high risk from
  shrimp disease.
• Research planting of economic fruit trees on the
  high elevation land
• Supplementary good quality shrimp seed stock

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Recommendations

• Sediment pumping into an area for orchard or
  fruit plantation development
• Farms should be zoned separately for
  hatchery-reared shrimp culture, crab culture and
  natural shrimp farming.
• Blood cockle should be stocked in polyculture
  with shrimp to optimize land utilization.

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The End
The End
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References

• An assessment for the management practices of
  integrated mangrove-aquaculture farming systems
  in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam Minh Truong Hoang
  (1), Amararatne Yakupitiyage(2), Donald. J.
  Macintosh(3) , Phuong Nguyen Thanh (1),
  (1)Aquaculture and Fisheries Science Institute,
  Cantho University, Vietnam. (2)Asian Institute of
  Technology (AIT), Bangkok, Thailand, 3) Aarhus
  University, Denmark.
• Vietnam Shrimp.mht
• www.mangroveactionproject.org/issues/shrimp-farmin
  g Earth Island Institute
• Vietnam Shrimp and the World Bank, C. Lang 2001
  World Rainforest Movement
• Disused Shrimp ponds Options for Redevelopment
  of Mangroves N.J. Stevenson Coastal Management
  25 (4) 423-425
• Recent storms show forests help blunt Hurricanes
  force M. Lacey 9/7/2007, NY Times
• Shrimp farming does not reduce rural poverty J.
  Gross 11, 2000 TWN Third World Network
• Support Dalits Call Against Aquaculture (India)
  8/20/07 Mangrove Action Project Earth Island
  Institute Home Page
• The Rise and Fall of the Blue Revolution A.
  Quarto SWARA 10-12 1998 16-21
• Mangrove Conservation and Coastal Management in
  SE Asia What Impact on Fishery Resources? E.
  Baran and J. Hambrey Marine Pollution Bulletin
  Vol 37 (8-12) Dec. 1999 p. 441-440
• The Aquaculture Disaster M., Kohr Third World
  Resurgence No. 59 p. 10