The Age of Exploration, Discovery, and Contact

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The Age of Exploration, Discovery, and Contact
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The European Context

• Ships and Navigation
• The Carrack (Nao)
• The Caravel
• Lateen sail
• Better cannon
• Compass
• Astrolabe
• Maps

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The European Context

• The Bubonic Plague Black Death, 1348-50
• Social mobility
• Desire for luxury goods
• Silks
• Spices

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The European Context

• The Renaissance late 1300s mid 1500s
• Intellectual curiosity
• The Bible and Aristotle
• Inductive reasoning replaces deductive reasoning
• Commercial developments
• Double-entry bookkeeping (the Medici Bank, and
  others)
• Bills of exchange

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The European Context

• Nationalism
• England Tudor Dynasty, 1485
• France Louis XI, 1423-1483
• Spain Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
  Castile

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The Portuguese

• Prince Henry The Navigator, 1394-1460
• Navigation school at Lagos
• Cape Bojador
• Bartholomeu Dias, 1487

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The Portuguese

• Vasco da Gama, 1469(?)-1524
• 1497 - 1499 India

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The Portuguese

• The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1493 / 1494

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The Portuguese

• Bases in the Pacific
• Malaca, 1511
• Maluku / Moluccas (Ambon Island), 1513)
• Batavia (Jakarta), 1513
• Macau, 1535, 1557
• Timor, 1512-13 (Dili founded in 1769)

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The Dutch

• Maps
• Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, 1595-1596
• Better sailors and better ships
• Ruthless competitors

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The Dutch

• Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische
  Compagnie / VOC), 1602

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VOC Secret Atlas map, 1753 Sunda Strait
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The Dutch

• Regional conquest
• Maluku, 1599
• Malacca, 1641
• Aceh, 1667
• Macassar, 1669
• Bantam, 1682
• Batavia (Jakarta), 1596
• Jan Pieterzoon Coen, 1618

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The Spanish

• Ferdinand Magellan, 1480-1521
• Circumnavigation, 1519-1522
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa1475-1519
• The Isthmus of Panama, 1513

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Administering the Spanish New World

• Council of the Indies, 1524
• Viceroyalties and audiencias
• Viceroyalty of Peru, 1542
• Potosí
• The mita

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Administering the Spanish New World

• Council of the Indies, 1524
• Viceroyalties and audiencias
• Viceroyalty of Peru, 1542
• Potosí
• The mita
• Viceroyalty of New Spain, 1535
• The encomienda

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The Manila Galleons

• 1565-1815
• West coast of Mexico to the Philippines
• Typically 1-2 a year

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Spanish California

• Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, 1542

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Spanish California

• Junípero Serra, 1713-1784

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Spanish California

• Missions and Presidios

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Spanish California

• Ranchos

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Great Britain

• Sir Francis Drake, 1540-1596
• Privateer
• Commissioned by Elizabeth I, 1577
• The Golden Hind

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The British East India Company

• Established in 1600, royal charter from Elizabeth
  I
• Permanent monopoly in 1609 (James I)
• Substantial authority
• Trading post at Guangzhou (Canton), 1711

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The Qing (Ching) Dynasty, 1644-1911

• Manchu conquest of china
• Capture of Beijing in 1644
• Complete control, 1683
• The Pax Sinica (peace of china), late 1700s
• Similar to Ming dynasty
• China governed by foreigners (Manchus vs.
  Mongols)
• New legal code
• Little commercial development
• Limited scientific advancement

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The Qing (Ching) Dynasty

• Superb military structure
• Growing civil unrest
• Poverty, overcrowding, and hunger
• Overburdened administrators
• Lavish court lifestyles
• Banditry
• The white lotus revolt, 1796-1805
• The society of heavens law revolt, 1813

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The Qing (Ching) Dynasty

• Dealing with outsiders
• Isolationist
• Foreign trade ONLY in Guangzhou
• No firearms or European women
• Tribute to the emperor the ketou (kowtow)
• Unable to enter the city
• Foreigners like a virus
• Little integration