Exploration and Expansion

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Exploration and Expansion
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Essential Questions

• What factors contributed to the Europeans
  entrance into their age of discovery and
  expansion?
• What were the major differences between the
  overseas empires established by the Portuguese
  and Spanish?
• What were the general consequences of European
  expansion into Africa?

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Technology

• Compass (China)
• Astrolabe (Arabs)
• Cartography (Ptolemy Byzantine Arabs)
  latitude and longitude
• Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs)
• Gunpowder (China)
• Multiple masts

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Reasons for Expansion

• Trade with Asia
• Marco Polo
• Europeans desire eastern spices
• Trade cut off by Arab empires
• Renaissance Reformation
• Economic and political expansion
• Spains Three Gs
• Gold look for wealth
• Glory discover something new (conquistadors)
• God spread Christianity

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Portuguese

• Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and
  over to India (spices)
• Prince Henry the Navigator 1419, established a
  school for sailors
• Bartholomew Diaz 1487, Cape of Good Hope (tip
  of Africa)
• Vasco da Gama 1498, around Africa to India
• Alfonso d Albuquerque 1510, set-up a land base
  in Goa, India to control spice trade (took away
  from Muslims), eventually set-up in China

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Spanish Exploration

• Well start with the two super-frauds!
• Columbus (1492)
• Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journey
• Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba
• Called natives Indians
• Never realized he wasnt in Asia
• Amerigo Vespucci suggested Columbus found the
  New World (Amerigo America)
• Magellan
• 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain
• Sailed around South America (Straight of
  Magellan)
• Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean
• Killed in the Philippines
• Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the world

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Magellans Route
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Dividing the New World

• Spain and Portugal each claimed
• Turned to pope for help
• 1493 Line of Demarcation was drawn
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas signed moving the
  line
• Brazil Portuguese
• Rest of South America Spanish

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Spanish Empire

• Columbian Exchange
• Europe Received corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet
  potatoes, beans
• Americas Received disease, horses, cows, pigs,
  sugar
• Conquistadors
• Cortes took over Aztecs in Mexico
• Pizarro took over Incas in Peru
• Encomienda
• Indians became slaves controlled by Spanish
• Indians were converted to Catholicism

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European Rivals

• Dutch (Netherlands)
• Early 17th century set-up trade company in India
• Henry Hudson (1621) claimed New Amsterdam on
  the Hudson River
• French
• Looked for the Northwest Passage through America
• Da Verrazano, Cartier (Montreal), Champlain
  (Quebec)
• Jesuits sent and French traded with Indians for
  fur
• English
• John Cabot
• Francis Drake
• James Cook Sailed around the world
• Jamestown (1607)
• Plymouth (1621)

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Slave Trade

• Slavery not new to Africa
• Sent to Middle East for domestic work
• Sugarcane (Portuguese)
• Changed slavery for Europeans
• Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
• Grew fast
• 16th century about 275,000
• 17th century over 1 million
• 18th century over 6 million
• African slave traders controlled slave trade
• Middle Passage route to the Americas
• Destroyed traditional African societies as demand
  for slaves increased

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Middle Passage
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Warning the next few slides cover material on
your test but not in your original notes!

• Chapter 19 Sections 2 and 3 Asia attempts to
  isolate during European Exploration

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The Ming Dynasty (1368 1644 CE)Chinas
Exploration and Isolationist Dynasty

• 1368 Hongwu commands an army that kicked out the
  Mongols and becomes the new emperor of China
  starting the Ming Dynasty
• Yonglo (Hongwus son)
• Moves the capital to Beijing and creates the
  Forbidden City (pg 538)
• Sends Zheng He on voyages of exploration (was he
  the first to sail around the world?!? Did he
  discover the Americas in 1420?!?)
• Goal was to set-up tributes and show the Mings
  power and wealth
• Ended after 7 voyages
• China withdraws into isolation

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Zheng Hes Voyages
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China under the Qing Dynasty(1644 1911)

• Manchus (Manchuria) overthrow Ming Dynasty
• Kangxi and Qian-long expanded borders, reduced
  government expenses, interacted with European
  missionaries
• Chinese controlled trade with Europe
• Forced payment of tribute and performance of the
  kowtow ritual
• Dutch accepted and became strong trade partners
  (tea)
• Great Britain did not and was limited in trade
• European interest will increase and European
  nations will work to slowly weaken the Qing
  Dynasty and will be discussed later in this class

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Japan Becomes Isolated

• 15th and 16th century Japan saw an era of
  disorder without central leadership (daimyo
  feudalism)
• From 1568 to 1600 CE Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi
  Hideyoshi start a unification process that will
  be completed under Tokugawa Ieyasu
• Tokugawa Shogunate (1600 1867) brought
  stability to Japans feudal system
• Emperor as figure head with real power from the
  military commander (shogun)
• Drama (Kabuki Theater), literature (haiku), and
  art flourished

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Japan Becomes Isolated

• European Contact
• Portuguese (starting in 1548) brought technology
  (guns and canons) that changed Japanese military
  structure
• Christian Missionaries (starting in 1549) came to
  convert Japanese
• Tokugawa shogunate persecuted and then banned
  Christianity from the empire
• Tokugawa shogunates dislike of European contact
  results in the closed country policy beginning
  in 1639
• For 200 years Japan was basically closed off from
  European contact
• Virtually no trade or ideas came in and no
  Japanese allowed to leave
• Nagasaki one exception, port owned by the
  Tokugawa was able to trade with Dutch and Chinese
  merchants

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Results of Expansion

• In Europe
• Economically successful (mercantilism)
• Created rivalries as countries fought over
  colonies
• In Asia
• Increased trade with Europe
• Beginning of Western dominance
• Japan becomes Isolated
• In Africa
• Dramatic increase of slave trade
• European influence in the coastal areas
• In the Americas
• Destroyed native population
• Began European dominance