The High Middle Ages

1
The High Middle Ages
CHAPTER 14

• Section 1 The Crusades
• Section 2 The Revival of Trade
• Section 3 The Growth of Towns
• Section 4 Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
• Section 5 Wars and the Growth of Nations
• Section 6 Challenges to Church Power

2
Objectives
Section 1
The Crusades

• Identify the main causes of the Crusades.
• Describe the outcome of the First Crusade.
• Describe the outcomes of the other major
  crusades.
• Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.

3
Causes of the Crusades
Section 1
The Crusades

• Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control

4
The First Crusade
Section 1
The Crusades

• Brought much of the Holy Land under European
  control

5
Other Major Crusades
Section 1
The Crusades

• The Second Crusade failed to recapture Damascus
• The Third Crusade again failed to recapture
  Jerusalem
• The Fourth Crusade Constantinople collapsed in
  1453
• Other crusades crusades continued until the
  last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291

6
Results of the Crusades
Section 1
The Crusades

• Weapons and warfare crossbow, new ways to wage
  war
• Political changes fewer lords, stronger kings,
  end of feudalism, more powerful Christian church
• Ideas and trade new ideas and trade patterns

7
Objectives
Section 2
The Revival of Trade

• Explain factors that led to the revival of trade
  in Europe.
• Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why
  fairs began.
• Identify important business developments that
  resulted from the growth of trade.

8
Trade Routes
Section 2
The Revival of Trade

• Trade in Italy sea and overland trade routes
• Trade in northern Europe growth in population
  and wealth
• The Hanseatic League German trading cities
  joined together to increase trade

9
Trade Goods and Markets
Section 2
The Revival of Trade

• Luxury goods such as dyes, medicines, silks,
  spices
• Manufactured goods such as cotton, linen, art
  objects
• Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of
  imported goods with added tax
• Social events

10
Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment
Section 2
The Revival of Trade

• Manufacturing domestic system
• Banking exchanging currencies at fairs,
  lending money
• Investing market economy

11
Objectives
Section 3
The Growth of Towns

• Identify rights townspeople gained during the
  late Middle Ages.
• Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed
  to their communities.
• Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to
  the decline of serfdom.

12
The Rights of Townspeople
Section 3
The Growth of Towns

• Freedom after a year and a day
• Exemption from working on the manor
• Town justice towns had own courts. Leading
  citizens would judge cases
• Commercial privileges could sell freely in town
  market, charge tolls to outsiders

13
Guilds
Section 3
The Growth of Towns

• Merchants outside merchants had to pay a fee
  to trade in towns
• Workers craft guilds set guidelines for wages,
  hours, and working conditions young boys would
  start as an apprentice, then journeyman after
  five to nine years of training, then master of
  that craft guild

14

• The merchants and the master workers would become
  what is called the middle class.
• They were between the class of nobles and that of
  peasants and unskilled workers.
• The middle class would begin to gain much power
  in the High Middle Ages due to a close working
  connection with the upper class.

15
This illustration from about 1480depicts
medieval craft workersat their trades an
apprenticegrinding colors (bottom left),
afresco painter (top), and a chestpainter
(bottom right).
16
Medieval Towns
Section 3
The Growth of Towns

• In the Middle Ages, most northern and western
  European cities had fewer than 2,000 people.
• A few cities were larger.
• By the 1200s, for example, about 150,000 people
  lived in Paris.

17

• Towns offered serfs a chance to improve their
  lives.
• Serfs escaped from medieval manors to gain
  freedom

18
The Black Death

• Cities and towns would become exciting places to
  live. Much better than living on a medieval
  manor
• However, many were also dark, unsafe, dirty, and
  unhealthy
• There was no sewage or garbage control.
• There were no streetlights
• There was no policing. People could not go out
  of their homes in the evening. They feared of
  being robbed.

19

• Because of the garbage problem a disease called
  the Black Death would spread quickly
• This disease would encompass most of the European
  continent
• The disease would begin in Asia and spread via
  trade routes between Europe and Asia
• The cause Rats and fleas
• Entire villages and town would be wiped out.
• About 25 million people or 30-35 of Europes
  population would be killed

20
The devastating plague of 1347through 1351 was
carried byflea-infested rats.
21

• They died by the hundreds, both day and night,
  and all were thrown in . . . ditches and covered
  with earth. And as soon as those ditches were
  filled, more were dug. And I buried my five
  children with my own hands. Angolo di Tura,
  quoted in The Black Death, by Robert S. Gottfried

22
The Spread of the Black Death 1347-1351
23
Objectives
Section 4
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Analyze changes in languages and literature
  during the Middle Ages.
• Examine changes in education during the Middle
  Ages.
• Identify developments made in philosophy and
  science.
• Describe the characteristic architecture of the
  later Middle Ages.

24
Language and Literature
Section 4
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Early vernacular literature everyday language
  used in songs, romances, rhymed comic stories,
  epics, and dramas
• The flowering of vernacular literature Dante
  Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer

25
Education
Section 4
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• University teachers and students set up guilds
  to protect and gain rights for themselves,
  developed stages of study called degrees

26
Philosophy and Science
Section 4
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Philosophy scholasticism brought together faith
  and reason
• Science mathematics and optics, advances in
  farming equipment

27
Architecture
Section 4
Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Roman architecture featured arches, domes,
  vaults, low horizontal lines, few windows
• Gothic architecture pointed arches, tall
  spires, high walls, stained-glass windows

28
Objectives
Section 5
Wars and the Growth of Nations

• Identify how the Hundred Years War affected
  England and France.
• Analyze how Spains rulers both strengthened and
  weakened their nation.
• Explain why the Holy Roman Empire remained weak
  throughout the later Middle Ages.

29
England
Section 5
Wars and the Growth of Nations

• The Hundred Years War Edward III of England
  claimed French throne, but French assembly chose
  Philip VI of Flanders brought new weapons
  (longbows, gunpowder, cannon) Parliament gained
  more power over the king
• The War of the Roses war for Englands throne
  ended with strong monarchy

30
France
Section 5
Wars and the Growth of Nations

• A fight for the throne Joan of Arc helped
  France regain throne and drive English out
• A return of strong kings feudal lords lost
  power to the king, who unified France under royal
  control

31
Spain
Section 5
Wars and the Growth of Nations

• Ferdinand and Isabella gave Spain a strong
  monarchy but weakened business and trade through
  discrimination

32
The Holy Roman Empire
Section 5
Wars and the Growth of Nations

• Germany and Italy independent prices in Germany
  and the pope in Italy refused to surrender power
  to the emperors

33
Objectives
Section 6
Challenges to Church Power

• Identify the factors that led to the decline of
  the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages.
• Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the
  Great Schism affected the church.
• Explain why great teachers and priests challenged
  the church during the later Middle Ages.

34
Church Power Weakens
Section 6
Challenges to Church Power

• Power shifted from the church to monarchs
• People began to question church practices

35
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Section 6
Challenges to Church Power

• People lost respect for the church
• Competition among opposing popes weakened papal
  and church authority

36
More Problems for the Church
Section 6
Challenges to Church Power

• Defender of the Faith opposed popes ideas
• John Wycliffe did not believe in absolute power
  of pope
• Jan Hus criticized abuses within the church