Protozoans and Major Invertebrate groups

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Protozoans and Major Invertebrate groups

• Single celled animals, tissue organisms, and
  the animals without backbones

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Characteristics

• Protozoans-single celled, eukaryotic,
  heterotrophic (nonphotosynthetic), microscopic
  asexual and sexual reproduction.
• Multicellular Animals- many cells, tissue level
  and system level organisms heterotrophic shape
  may be asymmetrical, radial or bilateral asexual
  and sexual reproduction.

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Globigerina

• The "shell" is composed by a number of
  spherical chambers. Very common and abundant in
  pelagic plankton, even at the very deep.
• Kingdom Protista
• Phylum Sarcomastigophora Order
  Foraminiferida

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Shells of Calcium carbonate
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• The possession of photosynthetic symbionts by
  marine protozoa may make them important primary
  producers as well as being consumers.
• Thus the radiolarian protozoa, ACTINOPOD amoeba
  which live suspended in the euphotic zone (that
  where there is enough light for photosynthesis)
  of warm seas, "farm" photosynthetic
  dinoflagellates as symbionts in their cytoplasm
  while also feeding phagotrophically on other
  planktonic organisms.
• The siliceous skeletons of these organisms are
  objects of immense beauty they sink to the sea
  bed forming the "radiolarian ooze".

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Radiolarians

• Radiolarians are single-celled protistan
  marine organisms that distinguish themselves with
  their unique and intricately detailed glass-like
  exoskeletons, silica. Skeleton commonly known as
  tests. Most contain many spines and holes that
  regulate a network of pseudopods useful in
  gathering food. Dead radiolarians accumulate in
  the ocean floor.

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Tintinnid

• Note the tintinnid ciliate lower left that has
  been suspension feeding on phytoplankton, visible
  in food vacuoles.

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Ciliates

• Ciliates are microscopic unicellular organisms,
  generally found in the plankton of rivers, lakes,
  seas and oceans. They are characterized by having
  hairy structures called cilia. These cilia can
  surround all the cell or part of it. They are
  used both for moving and for creating currents to
  carry food to their mouth.

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How are they and what is their size?

• Their shape can be spherical, ellipsoidal,
  conic or cylindrical and their size can vary
  between 10 and 200 µm. Some of them build a
  transparent shell around the cell called lorica
  (in tintinnida), while other are naked ciliates.

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Characteristics

• Protozoans-single celled, eukaryotic,
  heterotrophic (nonphotosynthetic), microscopic
  asexual and sexual reproduction.
• Multicellular Animals- many cells, tissue level
  and system level organisms heterotrophic shape
  may be asymmetrical, radial or bilateral asexual
  and sexual reproduction.

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Types of symmetry

• asymmetrical
• radially symmetrical
• bilaterally symmetrical

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Porifera The Pore animals
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Porifera pre-tissue-level animal

• Sponges are among the most abundant and
  widely distributed marine animals.   A sponge can
  either be a single animal or a colony of
  animals.  They are incapable of locomotion and
  they attach themselves to rocks.   The living
  "tissue" is a soft, dark, slimy material that
  covers a soft, flexible skeleton.  The skeleton
  is what is left after the softer tissue has been
  cleaned off. 

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Cnidaria jellyfish,sea anemones, corals, hydroids

• Although cnidarians vary greatly in
  appearance, they do have common characteristics
  that separate them from other groups. A common
  characteristic that has given this group its
  name, are its stinging cells (cnidoblasts).

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Polyp and/or Medusa
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Cnidocysts (nematocysts)

• Stinging cells can even be used for defense.
  However, most stinging cells are of insignificant
  strength to cause discomfort to man, but there
  are a few exceptions, like the lions mane
  jellyfish. A few specie can be very venomous. In
  Swedish waters only the stinging jellyfish can
  cause discomfort.

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Examples of Representatives

• When touched they can discharge a barbed
  thread that is connected to a venom sac.   
• Cnidarians use their stinging cells to
  incapacitate their prey. Large cnidarians like
  jellyfish and anemones are predators that can
  attack large prey.

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Moon jelly
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Black Sea Nettle
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Portuguese man-o-war

• This colony of animals is found in the warmer
  regions of the Atlantic and Gulf can cause very
  painful injuries.

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Box jellyfishseawasp

• Along the beaches of Australia and Hawaii,
  signs are often posted warning for a special type
  of cnidarian, the box jellyfish. Injuries from
  box jellyfish can be lethal if medical attention
  is not acquired in time. Symptoms of a sting
  include stinging, burning, redness, swelling of
  lymph nodes and in cases of severe reactions may
  result in difficulty with breathing, symptoms of
  shock and cardiac arrest.

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Ctenophora

• The rainbow colors on ctenophores are not
  bioluminescence. They are merely diffraction
  acting on the ambient light. This
  shallow-dwelling species, Beroe forskalii,
  produces a bright luminescent display when
  disturbed. (Approx size 10 cm).

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Ctenophore, Pleurobranchia

• tentacles armed with colloblasts capture food
• four external bands of cilia called ctenes that
  provide propulsion

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Platyhelminthes the flatworms

• Endoparasitic and ectoparasitic
• Free-living
• Three groups
• 1. flukes
• 2. tapeworms
• 3. turbellarians

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Nemertina benthic ribbon or bootlace worm

• This is a Ribbon Worm, or Bootlace Worm. They
  can grow very long and can change shape from
  being a short, fat worm to being an extremely
  long thin worm. Unlike most worms, it does not
  have a mouth at the end of its body, but has a
  long proboscis which can shoot out from a pore
  about a quarter of the way down the body.

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Gastrotricha

• Usually less than 1 mm, these worms they often
  go unnoticed. They live in the sand and mud
  deposits in shallow marine water and feed on
  detritus, diatoms, and other small animals

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Nematoda the round worms

• Round worms are separately sexed (males and
  females)
• Probably the most abundant group of organisms on
  Earth.
• Free-living and parasitic

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Mollusks

• Soft-bodied animals, having a muscular foot,
  mantle that may produce a shell. Shells may be
  internal or external and vary in number of pieces
  (valves or plates). Most exhibit cephalization
  and many have a radula, a rasping tonguelike
  organ.
• www.oceanlight.com/ html/squid.html

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Chiton

• Early Americans ate chitons in times of
  extreme hunger.
• Known for their 8 plates that appear as a
  ribbon shell when animal tissue dies away.

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Molluscan parts

• heart
• intestine
• radula
• shell
• foot
• stomach
• mouth
• eyes on stalks

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Chambered nautilus

• The chambered nautilus is a cephalopod with a
  beautiful external shell

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Squid or Cuttlefish?
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Cuttlefish

• The cuttlefish looks like a flattened squid
  and has an internal skeleton-the cuttle bone
  (below) that is often used as a supplement for
  birds.

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Scallop

• Bivalve
• Able to move by a clapping motion

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Octopus

• shy, timid and not aggressive
• average size is about three feet from head to end
  of arms
• mate one time, female cares for her eggs without
  eating, and she dies as the eggs hatch

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Giant Octopus

• The octopus has eight tentacles that sometimes
  stretch 4.8 m across in a 45 kg specimen. The
  octopus is a mollusk that is related to the
  squid, oyster, clam and snail. The giant Pacific
  octopus is the major species on the west coast
  and also the world's largest. It is illegal to
  use jigs, gaffs, spears, rakes or any other
  sharp-pointed instrument to take octopus.

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Giant squid

• Estimated 100 feet long and weighing 2 tons

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Chaetognatha

• Arrowworms are torpedo-shaped planktonic
  carnivores.
• The tiny reflection in wet beach sand are
  probably the chaetognath, Sagitta.

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Annelids the segmented worms

• This phylum includes earthworms, leeches and
  marine worms, the Polychaetes.
• Many are tube-dwelling and have filtering
  structures resembling feathers.

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Arthropoda the jointed legs, segmented bodied
animals

• Widely distributed on the planet earth, these
  animals have exoskeletons composed of chitin.
  Their size varies from microscopic copepods and
  other marine crustaceans to crabs several feet
  across.

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Shrimp, crab and lobster
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Blue crab
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Female and male crab

• Growth rateMust molt to grow females and males
  sexually mature at 100 and 150 mm, respectively
  (2-3 yr) males reach legal size (165 mm) at 3-4
  yr females seldom reach legal size.

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Limulus-horseshoe crab

• These animals have aqua blue blood. Although
  horseshoe crabs look dangerous, they are not. And
  they are really not crabs at all they are
  distant relatives of the spider.

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Gender Male or Female?

• Several distinct variations between males and
  females occur in horseshoe crabs. Upon reaching
  maturity at 9-10 years old, the female horseshoe
  crab will molt one or two more times unlike the
  male crab that stops molting. As a result, the
  female crab is considerably larger than the male.
  Also, the mature male horseshoe crab will develop
  a modified first pair of walking legs. The new
  legs (pedipalps) have a hooklike structure that
  resembles a boxing glove. The male horseshoe crab
  uses the modified legs to clasp onto the shell of
  the female during spawning. Prior to reaching
  maturity males and females are identified by the
  shape of their genital pores. The pores can be
  found behind the first gill cover at the base of
  the first pair of book gills. On a male, the
  genital pores are firm pointed structures and
  white in color. Differing from the male, the
  females genital pores are broad convex structures
  similar in appearance to small bumps.

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Sexing the Horseshoe crab

• Male female

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blue blood?

• Why is the Horseshoe Crab the original blue
  blood? A horseshoe crabs blood has a blue to
  blue-green color when exposed to the air. The
  blood is blue because it contains a copper-based
  respiratory pigment called hemocyanin.

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HORSESHOE CRAB BLOOD

• The blood of the horseshoe crab is not only
  unique but it provides a valuable medical product
  critical to maintaining the safety of many drugs
  and devices used in medical care. A protein in
  the blood called Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL)
  is used by pharmaceutical and medical device
  manufacturers to test their products for the
  presence of endotoxins, bacterial substances that
  can cause fevers and even be fatal to humans.

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OTHER MEDICAL BENEFITS

• Horseshoe crabs have also been proven to
  benefit cancer research. Endotoxins are known to
  inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Therefore,
  the ability of the LAL test to detect cancer
  cells may lead to a new type of cancer therapy
  using endotoxins. Another substance found in
  horseshoe crab blood may have the potential for
  diagnosing leukemia. This substance reacts with
  red and white human blood cells, including
  cancerous white blood cells in leukemia patients.
  Furthermore, a New Jersey Sea Grant project has
  recently discovered a rare protein in horseshoe
  crab blood that traces and binds with vitamin
  B12. These findings led to the development of an
  accurate, cost-efficient testing kit for
  detecting vitamin B12-related deficiencies and
  diseases, which may include pernicious anemia,
  gastric and intestinal damage, and even mental
  disorders.

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Barnacles
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Copepods

• Although most of the approximately 8,500
  species of copepods are marine, some live in
  freshwater lakes and ponds.  One of the most
  important and abundant components of aquatic food
  chains, copepods feed on unicellular
  phytoplankton (photosynthesizing protists). 
  Lacking a carapace, copepods have cylindrical,
  tapering bodies with forked tails. In contrast to
  other crustaceans, copepods lack gills and
  abdominal appendages. The female copepod shown in
  the image (appropriately named Cyclops) carries
  eggs inside of two attached egg sacs.

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Mysid

• These small organisms show a very strong
  seasonal pattern with highest abundances in the
  summer and fall of the year when they reach mean
  densities of 300-700 per sample and peak at over
  2000 in a single sample, but may be completely
  absent from samples during other times of the
  year. Their value is a food resource for
  fisheries species. Mysids are highly motile and
  can migrate vertically although they are
  primarily a bottom dwelling group

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Euphausiid

• Euphausiid's are harvested mainly as a feed
  supplement for both fish farms (gives salmon
  their "pink" color) and humans consume them.
• Swimming appendages are too small to enable them
  to swim effectively against the currents, so they
  are common and widespread along the coast.
• Krill undergo a daily "diurnal" cycle, where they
  spend the daylight hours in the twilight depths
  of the ocean (100 meters or 300 feet), and during
  the night or cloudy days they come closer to the
  surface. Intertidal at over 100 meters subtidal
  depth to 60 meters.

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Brine shrimp

• Brine shrimp are branchiopod crustaceans that
  live in waters with high salt contents (like
  Death Valley, Great Salt Lake, etc.).   They
  often produce resistant eggs as an adaptation to
  drying in temporary pools.  When the rains come
  and the eggs are rehydrated, they  hatch into
  tiny brine shrimp.  It is these eggs that are
  sold in dehydrated form for aquarium fish food as
  well as for culturing so-called "sea monkeys".   
  

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The Echinoderms

• All members of this phylum live in a marine
  environment. Representatives include sea stars,
  brittle stars, sea urchins and sand dollars, sea
  cucumbers, feather stars and sea lilies.

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Brittle star

• Brittle stars have delicate arms that quickly
  regenerate from the central disk when broken.

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Sea Urchin

• HabitatRocky substrates, especially ledges
  and crevices locate near or in giant or bull
  kelp beds and other brown algae in areas of
  moderate to swift currents larvae drift and feed
  in plankton juveniles settle near kelp beds,
  often associate with aggregations of adults,
  remain under adult spines until they reach 40 mm.

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The Invertebrate Chordates

• Chordates exhibit at sometime their life
  history
• notochord (cartilage),
• dorsal nerve cord, and
• paired gill slits.
• Common reps considered invertebrate chordates
  include the tunicates (lancelets) and sea
  squirts)

TUNICATA (Urochordata
CEPHALOCHORDATA (Lancelets)
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Lancelet
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Invertebrate food from the sea

• Name the phyla represented
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.

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Finding Nemo Sushi
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