Diversity of Modern Life

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Diversity of Modern Life
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Kingdom Monera (Monerans)

• Smallest and simplest lifeforms
• Unicellular (one-celled)
• no nucleus
• Bacteria and cyanobacteria

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Bacteria

• Three basic shapes
• round (cocci)
• rod (bacilli)
• spiral (spirilli)

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Questions

• What are two characteristics of the organisms in
  Kingdom Monera?
• What is meant by unicellular?
• What are the three shapes of bacteria?

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Kingdom Protista(Protists)

• Single-celled or multicellular
• more complex than organisms in Kingdom Monera
• nucleus
• protozoans (animal-like)
• algae (plant-like)

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Protozoans

• Kingdom Protista
• no cell wall or chlorophyll
• internal digestion
• no locomotion (some)

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Algae

• Cell walls
• Chlorophyll
• Photosynthetic
• Placed in groups according to color and structure

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Questions

• What are some characteristics of Protists?
• What are the two types of Protists?
• How are the two types of Protists different?

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Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular complex
• cell walls, no chlorophyll
• Threadlike fungi (bread mold)
• club fungi (mushrooms)
• sac fungi (yeast and mildew)

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Questions

• What are some characteristics of Fungi?
• What are the three groups of fungi?

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular, cell walls, and chlorophyll
• Largest and longest-living things on Earth
• Vascular or Nonvascular

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Nonvascular Plants

• CANNOT conduct water
• Example Moss
• Moist environment

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Vascular Plants

• CAN conduct water
• Capable of living in drier areas
• Club mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Gymnosperms, and
  Angiosperms

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Gymnosperms

• Seed plant
• name means naked seed
• Most are conifers

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Angiosperms -Flowering Plants

• Seed plant
• name means covered seed
• Seeds are produced inside ovaries
• A ripened ovary is a fruit
• largest/most diverse plants

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Questions

• What is the major difference between a gymnosperm
  and an angiosperm?
• What are three plant characteristics?
• How are vascular and non vascular plants
  different?

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Sponges (invertebrate)

• Simplest of the animal groups
• lives in salt water attached to the bottom
• Hollow central cavity
• Two layers of body cells with tiny pores

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Coelenterates (invertebrate)

• Jellyfish, hydras, and corals
• two cell layers
• Live in water
• hollow body with a single opening

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Questions

• What are three similarities between coelenterates
  and sponges?

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Flatworms (invertebrate)

• Flattened body mostly parasitic
• one body opening
• two eyespots (light detection)
• Turbellarians (free-living)
• Planarians (freshwater Turbellarians)

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Roundworms (invertebrate)

• Rounded shaped
• two body openings (eating and waste expulsion)
• mostly free-living
• Ex Nematodes and hookworms

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Segmented Worms (invertebrate)

• Rounded, segmented bodies
• two body openings
• has five hearts and a brain
• Ex leeches and marine tube worms

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Questions

• In what major way are the three types of worms
  different?
• How are the segmented worms MOST similar to the
  roundworms?

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Mollusks (invertebrate)

• Soft-bodies, no shell (octopus/squid)
• well-developed organs
• some with shells (clams/oysters)

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Arthropods (invertebrate)

• Largest group of animals
• multiple body segments
• jointed appendages (legs/arms)
• exoskeleton (hard outer covering)

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Arthropods (continued)

• Well-developed organs
• insects, lobsters, crabs, and spiders

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Echinoderms (invertebrate)

• Spiny skinned animals
• star fish (sea stars), sand dollars, sea
  cucumbers
• flexible arms tube feet
• known for regeneration (ability to grow new body
  parts)

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Questions

• What is the major similarity between mollusks,
  echinoderms, and arthropods?
• Which group of organisms are known for
  regeneration?
• What is regeneration?

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Questions

• What is the largest group of animals?
• Describe an invertebrate.
• An octopus and a clam belong to what group of
  invertebrates?
• How is an endoskelton different from an
  exoskeleton?

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Vertebrates

• Have backbones
• body with a head and most have appendages
• endoskeleton (internal skeleton for
  support/protection)

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Vertebrates (continued)

• Endotherm (warm- blooded) these organisms can
  control their body temperature from within
  despite changes in the environment

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Vertebrates (continued)

• Ectotherm (cold-blooded) body temperature
  changes with the environment

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Questions

• What is the difference between an ectotherm and
  an endotherm?
• How is a vertebrate different from an
  invertebrate?

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Jawless fishes

• Ex Sea lamprey
• mouth is used for sucking fluids no appendages
  (fins)
• flexible skeleton made of cartilage
• ectotherms

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Cartilaginous Fishes

• Two pairs of fins gills
• ectotherms
• strong teeth (sharks)
• SKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE
• stingrays, skates, sharks

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Bony fishes

• Flounder, eels, trout, and others
• SKELETON MADE OF BONE
• gills
• streamlined bodies (narrow shape)
• most numerous group of fish

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Questions

• How are the cartilaginous fishes mainly different
  from the bony fishes?
• What do the other fishes have that the jawless
  fishes do not have?

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Amphibians

• Frogs, toads, salamanders
• part of their life is spent on land and part of
  life is spent in the water (ectotherms)
• smooth, moist skin
• gills when they are young and have lungs as
  adults

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Reptiles

• Adapted to live on land (terrestrial)
• breathe with lungs
• body covered with plates or scales
• ectotherms

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Reptiles

• Dinosaurs
• Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and
  alligators
• lay eggs in a leathery shell

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Birds

• Bodies adapted for flight (light, bones,
  feathers, and wings)
• Scaly legs and feet
• lay eggs in a hard shell
• endotherms

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Mammals

• Advanced nervous system highly developed brain
• Endotherms
• Hairy bodies
• can occupy several habitats
• give birth to live young produce milk mammary
  glands

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Questions

• Which animals spend part of their life on and
  part of it in the water?
• What type of animals have scales or or hard
  plates?

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Questions

• Which two groups of animals are warm-blooded?
• What is the difference between the eggs of
  reptiles and birds?