Introduction to Matter

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Introduction to Matter

• Text Reference
• Matter
• Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

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Building Blocks of Matter

• An atom is the smallest unit of an element that
  maintains the properties of that element.
• An element is a pure substance made of only one
  kind of atom.

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Element Symbol Song

• www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
• Interesting songFeel free to check it out!
• Let me know what you think of it.

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Element Symbols

• There are 115 elements known88 occur naturally.
• Each element is given a unique chemical symbol
  (one or two letters).
• Chemical symbols with one letter have that letter
  capitalized (e.g., H, B, C, N, etc.)
• Chemical symbols with two letters have only the
  first letter capitalized (e.g., He, Be).

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Examples of Element Symbols
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Element Symbols (contd)

• Get familiar and start to memorize element
  symbols!!
• See Handout
• SOME ELEMENT SYMBOLS and NAMES
• ?How do these elements relate to us in our daily
  lives??

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• The most abundant elements in the universeas we
  know it!

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• The most abundant elements in our bodies!

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Elements and Compounds

• Atoms combine to form compounds.
• Atoms bound together are compounds, but when they
  behave as a unit they can also be called a
  molecule.

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Table 2.1 Some Common Compounds
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Why does all this matter?

• The atoms that make up molecules and compounds
  make up MATTER
• Matter exists if different states
• ? (e.g. water H2O)
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

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The States of Matter

• Matter exists in three states
• Solid a rigid substance with a definite shape
• Liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape
  of its container
• Gas takes the shape and volume of its container

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Physical / Chemical Properties and Changes

• Matter has both physical and chemical properties
• Chemical properties describe a substances
  ability to change to a different substance
• Physical properties are the characteristics of a
  substance that do not involve changing to another
  substance
• Examples are shape, size and color

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Physical / Chemical Properties and Changes
(contd)

• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes
• A physical change involves a change in one or
  more physical properties but no change in
  composition

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Physical / Chemical Properties and Changes
(contd)

• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes
• A chemical change transforms a substance into one
  or more new substances

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How Matter Is Organized!

• Mixtures and Pure Substances
• Matter can be classified as a mixture or a pure
  substance

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Mixtures and Pure Substances

• Mixtures
• A mixture has variable composition
• A homogeneous mixture has the same properties
  throughout.
• A heterogeneous mixture has different properties
  in different parts of the mixture.

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Separation of Mixtures

• Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by
  various means
• Distillation

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Separation of Mixtures

• Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by
  various means
• Filtration

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Mixtures and Pure Substances

• Pure Substances
• A pure substance always has the same composition.
  

• Pure substances are of two types
• Elements which cannot be broken down chemically
  into simpler substances
• Compounds which can be chemically broken down
  into elements

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Summary The Organization of Matter
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Elements And The Periodic Table

• Text Reference
• Major Sections of the Periodic Table
• Section 3.4

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Regions of the Periodic Table

• Major sections
• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids (semi-metals)
• Noble Gases
• Get familiar with the four major sections of
  elements!
• Read Section 3.4A of your textbook

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Regions of the Periodic Table (contd)

• Horizontal rows called periods.
• Vertical columns are called groups or families.
• Elements in one group (column) all have similar
  properties.
• Groups have common names
• (see next slide)

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Common Names
Nitrogen Group
Aluminum Group
Noble Gases
Oxygen Group
Carbon Group
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Halogens
Transition Metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
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Metals and Nonmetals
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Metals majority of elements

• Metallic luster shiny
• Color from silvery, grayish-white, yellowish, to
  reddish
• Good electrical and heat conductors
• Malleable have the ability to be hammered or
  beaten into thin sheets

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Metals (contd)

• Ductile have the ability to be drawn, pulled, or
  extruded through small openings to produce a wire
• High tensile strength resist breaking when
  pulled
• Most are solid at room temperature

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Nonmetals

• Poor electrical and heat conductors
• 6 are solid C, P, Se, S, I, At
• generally brittle
• 1 liquid Br
• All others are gases

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Metalloids

• Lie between metals and nonmetals in the periodic
  table B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
• Border a zigzag line on the periodic table
• All solid
• Some characteristics of metals and nonmetals
• Partial electrical conductor (semiconductor)

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Metalloids (contd)

• Partial heat conductor
• The usefulness of semiconductors comes from the
  ability to control exactly how much electric
  current will pass through the material.

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Noble Gases

• Elements in Group 18
• Generally unreactive
• Gases at room temperature