Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement

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Chapter 1IntroductionMatter and Measurement
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th
edition Theodore L. Brown H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.
and Bruce E. Bursten

• John D. Bookstaver
• St. Charles Community College
• St. Peters, MO
• ? 2006, Prentice Hall

2
Chemistry

• The study of ________ and the ____________ it
  undergoes.

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Scientific Method

• A systematic approach to ____________ problems.

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Matter

• Anything that has mass and takes up ____________.

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Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of ____________.

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Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.

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Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
• A compound is made of two or more different
  kinds of elements.

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States of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Classification of Matter
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Mixtures and Compounds
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Properties and Changes of Matter
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Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties
• Can be observed ____________ changing a substance
  into another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties
• Can only be observed when a substance is
  ____________ into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with
  acid, etc.

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Properties of Matter

• ____________ Properties
• Independent of the amount of the substance that
  is present.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• ____________ Properties
• Dependent upon the amount of the substance
  present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.

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Changes of Matter

• Physical Changes
• Changes in matter that do not change the
  ____________ of a substance.
• Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes
• Changes that result in new ____________.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

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Chemical Reactions

• In the course of a chemical reaction, the
  reacting substances are ____________ to new
  substances.

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Chemical Reactions
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Compounds

• Compounds can be broken down into more
  ____________ particles.

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Electrolysis of Water
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Separation of Mixtures
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Distillation

• Separates ____________ mixture on the basis of
  differences in boiling point.

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Distillation
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Filtration

• Separates solid substances from ____________ and
  solutions.

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Chromatography

• Separates substances on the basis of differences
  in ____________ in a solvent.

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Units of Measurement
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SI Units

• Système International dUnités
• Uses a different ____________ unit for each
  quantity

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Metric System

• ______ convert the base units into units that
  are appropriate for the item being measured.

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Volume

• The most commonly used metric units for volume
  are the _____ (L) and the milliliter (mL).
• A liter is a cube 1 dm long on each side.
• A milliliter is a cube 1 cm long on each side.

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Uncertainty in Measurements

• Different measuring devices have different uses
  and different ____________ of accuracy.

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Temperature

• A measure of the ____________ ____________
  ____________ of the particles in a sample.

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Temperature

• In scientific measurements, the Celsius and
  ____________ scales are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of
  water.
• 0?C is the freezing point of water.
• 100?C is the boiling point of water.

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Temperature

• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
• It is based on the ____________ of gases.
• There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
• K ?C 273.15

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Temperature

• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific
  measurements.
• ?F 9/5(?C) 32
• ?C 5/9(?F - 32)

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Density

• Physical property of a substance

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Uncertainty in Measurement
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Significant Figures

• The term ____________ figures refers to digits
  that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay
  attention to significant figures so we do not
  overstate the accuracy of our answers.

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Significant Figures

1. All ____________ digits are significant.
2. Zeroes ____________ two significant figures are
   themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the ____________ of a number are never
   significant.
4. Zeroes at the __________ of a number are
   significant if a decimal point is written in the
   number.

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Significant Figures

• When addition or subtraction is performed,
  answers are rounded to the least significant
  ____________ place.
• When multiplication or division is performed,
  answers are rounded to the number of digits that
  corresponds to the least number of significant
  figures in any of the numbers used in the
  calculation.

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Significant Digit Calculations
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Accuracy versus Precision

• ____________ refers to the proximity of a
  measurement to the true value of a quantity.
• ____________ refers to the proximity of several
  measurements to each other.