Rise of Chemistry and Biology

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Rise of Chemistry and Biology

• YSU Weapons of Mass Destruction

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On-Line Sessions
Who absolutely needs the sessions on disk?
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What Could be Used as a Weapon?
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What are some toxic metals?
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Organic Chemistry
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Organic Chemistry
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Germany Led the Race

• Petroleum
• Coal Tar
• We smell it near coke ovens
• We smell it in seal-coat for the driveway

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Chemicals From Base Substances

• Benzene
• Toluene
• Xylenes
• Ethylbenzene
• Phenol

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Benzene
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Organic Structures
Toluene
Ethyl Benzene
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Xylenes
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Aniline
Adolf von Baeyer Craked the chemical code for
aniline.
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Naphthalene
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Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Chlordane
This is very similar to ethyl chlorohydrin, a
precursor to chemical mustard.
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Thiodiglycol
HO-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-OH
Ethyl chlorohydrin, reacted with sulfur creates
this molecule.
In 1886 Victor Meyer, unaware, created mustard
thiodiglycol by adding 2 simple Cl atoms
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Mustard Thiodiglycol
CH2CH2Cl
S
CH2CH2Cl
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Properties
3.3.1 Colour Colourless or yellow liquid (1 atm.
and 15C). 3.3.2 State/form Oily liquid at 1
atm. and 15C. 3.3.3 Description Melting point
13 to 14C Boiling point 215 to 217C Vapour
pressure at 0C 0.025 mm 30C 0.090 mm
Solubility very sparingly in water soluble in
fats and organic solvents. Heavier than water.
Weak mustard or garlic like odour.
IPS INCHEM
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Ypres, April 22, 1915

• Cl2
• Organized by Fritz Haber
• Employed 5730 cylinders
• Release zone 6 km long
• 800/2000 casualties

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PPE
At first, rags, soaked in urine or bicarbonate
were used to neutralize chlorine. By the end of
1915 more efficient masks and supplemental oxygen
began to become available.
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Delivery
Early chemical attacks employed pressurized
cylinders and gases were released in tandem.
This caused logistic problems and
backlash. Later mortars were filled with gas.
The wepon could then be launched with a mortar
cannon such as a Stokes Mortar Gun.
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Other Respiratory Irritants

• Phosgene
• Chloropicrin
• Sn Tetrachloride
• Chloracetone
• Arsine
• HCN

Pulmonary Edema Profuse Secretions O2 Inhibition
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U.S. Finds Success
Americas secret chemical weapon the pesticide
DDT. DDT is largely credited with helping Allied
forces with World War II. What other project
failed numerous times but was finally successful
on account of DDT?
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Nerve Agents

• 1934 Gerhard Schrader
• German G-Series
• Tabun
• Sarin
• Soman
• V-series
• 1950s Sweden (lower VP)

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Later Chem Events

• Korea
• Vietnam
• Iran-Iraq 1981
• Khamisiya, Iraq 1991
• Tokyo - 1995

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Bio Review

• Koch Postulates 1986
• Disease not in healthy animal
• Isolate grow in culture
• Must produce disease in animal
• Should be able to be reisolated

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First Program

• lt1930 Most Nations Feared Boomerang
• Japanese 32-45
• Unit 731
• In Occupied China
• Plague, cholera, hemorrhagic fevers
• 10,000 Chinese perished
• Civilian-based attacks

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Bioweapons in the 1900s

• 40 Japan dropped ceramic bomblets
• 39-50 U.S. begins development
• Anthrax, plague, cholera, typhus, yellow fever,
  typhoid, tuleremia, brucellosis, glanders
• Plant animal pests

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Bioweapons in the 1900s

• Soviet Union
• First stifled due to Tofim Lysenko
• Stalins Death
• BTWC signed in 1972
• 1979 Svedlovsk release
• Defectors Vlad Pasechnik, Ken Alibek
• Biopreparat cover for BW program

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Illicit Use

• Rajneeshees
• Salmonella
• Aum Shinrikyo
• Anthrax
• Plague
• U.S.
• 2001

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Housekeeping

• No SLP for Module 1
• I will post SLP assignment for mod 2
• Wednesday guest
• Herb Layman President, U.S. Micro
• gt35 years in microbiology
• Microbiology Refresher